Lecture 167

Question 1

What genera does HIV belong to?

Answer 1

Lentivirus

Question 2

What retrovirus is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy?

Answer 2

HTLV-1

Question 3

What mode of HIV transmission is highest in men?

Answer 3

Male-to-male sexual contact

Question 4

What mode of HIV transmission is highest in women?

Answer 4

Heterosexual contact

Question 5

What group has the highest HIV incidence compared to population proportion?

Answer 5

Black men

Question 6

What is the HIV lipid bilayer made of?

Answer 6

Derived from host cell membrane

Question 7

What is SU/gp120?

Answer 7

Surface glycoprotein

Question 8

What part of HIV structure binds to CD4 receptor and co-receptors on host cells?

Answer 8

Surface glycoprotein

Question 9

What is TM/gp41?

Answer 9

Transmembrane glycoprotein

Question 10

What part of the HIV structure anchors gp120 and mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane?

Answer 10

Transmembrane glycoprotein

Question 11

What is MA/p17?

Answer 11

Matrix protein

Question 12

What part of the HIV structure lines the inner surface of the envelope?

Answer 12

Matrix protein

Question 13

What is CA/p24?

Answer 13

Capsid protein

Question 14

What part of the HIV structure forms the core shell enclosing the viral genome?

Answer 14

Capsid protein

Question 15

What is NC/p9 or p7?

Answer 15

Nucleocapsid protein

Question 16

What part of the HIV structure coats the viral RNA genome?

Answer 16

Nucleocapsid protein

Question 17

How is the viral genome of HIV characterized?

Answer 17

Two identical single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules

Question 18

What is RT/p66, p51?

Answer 18

Reverse transcriptase

Question 19

What HIV enzyme transcribes viral RNA into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)?

Answer 19

Reverse transcriptase

Question 20

What is IN/p32?

Answer 20

Integrase

Question 21

What HIV enzyme integrates the viral dsDNA into the host cell’s genome, forming a provirus?

Answer 21

Integrase

Question 22

What is PR/p11?

Answer 22

Protease

Question 23

What HIV enzyme cleaves newly synthesized viral polyproteins into mature, functional proteins?

Answer 23

Protease

Question 24

What HIV structural gene encodes precursor polyproteins that are cleaved into matrix protein, capsid protein, nucleocapsid protein, and p6?

Answer 24

Gag (group-specific antigen)

Question 25

What HIV structural gene encodes precursor polyproteins that are cleaved into protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase?

Answer 25

Pol (polymerase)

Question 26

What HIV structural gene encodes precursor glycoprotein gp160 which is cleaved into surface glycoprotein and transmembrane glycoprotein?

Answer 26

Env (envelope)

Question 27

What HIV regulatory gene promotes transcription of viral DNA?

Answer 27

Tat (trans-activator of transcription)

Question 28

What HIV regulatory gene allows export of unspliced viral RNA from the nucleus?

Answer 28

Rev (regulator of virion protein expression)

Question 29

What HIV accessory gene encodes protein that downregulates host CD4, MHC-I, and other receptors and enhances viral infectivity?

Answer 29

Nef (negative regulatory factor)

Question 30

What HIV accessory gene encodes protein that degrades host cell defense protein APOBEC3G?

Answer 30

Vif (viral infectivity factor)

Question 31

What HIV accessory gene encodes protein that regulates nuclear import of the pre-integration complex and arrests the cell cycle?

Answer 31

Vpr (viral protein R)

Question 32

What HIV accessory gene encodes protein that causes intracellular degradation of CD4 and enhances virion release?

Answer 32

Vpu (viral protein U)

Question 33

What is the HIV life cycle step where gp120 on the virion surface binds to the CD4 receptor and a co-receptor on the host T-helper cell or macrophage?

Answer 33

Attachment

Question 34

What is the HIV life cycle step where gp41 mediates the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, releasing the viral capsid into the cytoplasm?

Answer 34

Fusion

Question 35

What is the HIV life cycle step where the viral capsid breaks down, releasing the viral RNA genome and enzymes into the cytoplasm?

Answer 35

Uncoating

Question 36

What is the HIV life cycle step where reverse transcriptase copies the viral ssRNA genome into a dsDNA copy?

Answer 36

Reverse transcription

Question 37

What is the HIV life cycle step where viral dsDNA, along with integrase, enters the host cell nucleus?

Answer 37

Integration

Question 38

What is the HIV life cycle step where the integrated provirus is transcribed by host cell RNA polymerase into viral mRNA and new copies of the viral RNA genome?

Answer 38

Transcription

Question 39

What is the HIV life cycle step where viral mRNA is translated by host cell ribosomes into viral polyproteins?

Answer 39

Translation

Question 40

What is the HIV life cycle step where newly synthesized viral RNA genomes and viral proteins assemble at the host cell membrane?

Answer 40

Assembly

Question 41

What is the HIV life cycle step where the newly formed immature virion pushes out from the host cell membrane, acquiring its envelope?

Answer 41

Budding

Question 42

What is the HIV life cycle step where viral protease cleaves the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins into their mature, functional protein components?

Answer 42

Maturation

Question 43

What stage of HIV infection is associated with a rapid increase in viral load (HIV RNA) and a corresponding drop in CD4+ T-lymphocyte count?

Answer 43

Acute infection (acute retroviral syndrome; ARS)

Question 44

What happens to CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes during an acute HIV infection?

Answer 44

CD4+ cells drop, CD8+ cell increase

Question 45

What is often the first symptom of an acute HIV infection?

Answer 45

Abrupt onset of fever

Question 46

How long does the average clinical latency period of HIV last?

Answer 46

8-10 years

Question 47

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity precipitously fail when the CD4 count drops below ____ cells/mm3

Answer 47

200 cells/mm3

Question 48

What is the key threshold for AIDS diagnosis?

Answer 48

CD4+ 200 cells/mm3

Question 49

What CD4+ count threshold requires prophylaxis for PJP?

Answer 49

CD4 <200

Question 50

What CD4+ count threshold requires prophylaxis for cerebral toxoplasmosis?

Answer 50

CD4 <100

Question 51

What CD4+ count threshold requires prophylaxis for CMV retinitis?

Answer 51

CD4 <50

Question 52

What CD4+ count threshold requires prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis?

Answer 52

CD4 <50

Question 53

What CD4+ count threshold requires prophylaxis for esophageal candidiasis?

Answer 53

CD4 <50

Question 54

What CD4+ count threshold requires prophylaxis for mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)?

Answer 54

CD4 <50

Question 55

What cancers are AIDS defining conditions?

Answer 55

Kaposi's sarcoma, invasive cervical cancer, CNS lymphoma

Question 56

What test for HIV detects both HIV 1/2 antibodies and the p24 antigen?

Answer 56

HIV 4th generation antibody/antigen assay

Question 57

What test for HIV is used if 4th generation Ab/Ag testing in negative but acute HIV-1 infection is highly suspected?

Answer 57

Nucleic acid test (NAT); HIV-1 viral load

Question 58

What test is used to determine if maraviroc can be used for treatment of HIV?

Answer 58

Coreceptor tropism assay

Question 59

What class of ART is maraviroc?

Answer 59

Entry inhibitors - CCR5 antagonists

Question 60

What class of ART is enfuvirtide?

Answer 60

Entry inhibitors - fusion inhibitors

Question 61

What class of ART is tenofovir?

Answer 61

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Question 62

What class of ART is emtricitabine?

Answer 62

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Question 63

What class of ART is zidovudine (AZT)?

Answer 63

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Question 64

What class of ART is lamivudine?

Answer 64

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Question 65

What class of ART is rilpivirine?

Answer 65

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Question 66

What class of ART is efavirenz?

Answer 66

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Question 67

What class of ART is nevirapine?

Answer 67

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Question 68

What class of ART is dolutegravir?

Answer 68

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)

Question 69

What class of ART is raltegravir?

Answer 69

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)

Question 70

What class of ART is bictegravir?

Answer 70

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)

Question 71

What class of ART is ritonavir?

Answer 71

Protease inhibitors (PIs)

Question 72

What class of ART is atazanavir?

Answer 72

Protease inhibitors (PIs)

Question 73

What class of ART is darunavir?

Answer 73

Protease inhibitors (PIs)

Question 74

What class of ART is Biktarvy?

Answer 74

Combination therapy

Question 75

What ARTs are included in Biktarvy?

Answer 75

Bictegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide

Question 76

How long after starting effective ART are HIV patients expected to have an undetectable viral load?

Answer 76

6-8 weeks