Lecture 175

Question 1

The follicular bulge houses ____ that give rise to both the sebaceous gland and the hair follicle.

Answer 1

Epidermal stem cells

Question 2

What structure does the deepest part of the down-growth become in hair development?

Answer 2

Germinal matrix

Question 3

What structure gives rise to the hair shaft and the internal root sheath?

Answer 3

Germinal matrix

Question 4

Hair follicle segment that extends from the surface opening of the follicle down to the opening of the sebaceous gland.

Answer 4

Infundibulum

Question 5

Hair follicle segment that runs from the infundibulum to the insertion point of the arrector pili muscle.

Answer 5

Isthmus

Question 6

The growing part of the hair follicle, expanding at the base into the bulb, which is invaginated by the dermal papilla.

Answer 6

Inferior segment

Question 7

Hair shaft layer that is the central core, made of soft keratin with large, vacuolated cells.

Answer 7

Medulla

Question 8

Hair shaft layer that surrounds the medulla, containing keratin-filled cells and pigment.

Answer 8

Cortex

Question 9

Outermost layer of the hair shaft, composed of thin, overlapping scale-like cells.

Answer 9

Cuticle

Question 10

What part of the root sheath surrounds the hair shaft within the follicle?

Answer 10

Internal root sheath

Question 11

The internal root sheath is composed of soft keratin and desquamates at the level of ____.

Answer 11

Sebaceous gland opening

Question 12

What part of the root sheath is an extension of the epidermis?

Answer 12

External root sheath

Question 13

The basement membrane of the external root sheath is called ____.

Answer 13

Glassy membrane

Question 14

Emerging hair shafts are full keratinized with ____.

Answer 14

Hard keratin

Question 15

Hard keratin is rich in ____, forming ____.

Answer 15

Sulfur-containing cysteine, forming disulfide bridges

Question 16

Soft keratin is mainly found in ____.

Answer 16

Epidermis

Question 17

Hair type made of thin, short fibers; follicles are housed in the dermis.

Answer 17

Vellus hair

Question 18

Hair type made of thick, long fibers; follicles are housed in the hypodermis.

Answer 18

Terminal hair

Question 19

What phase of the hair growth cycle is characterized by continuous growth and lasts 2-7 years?

Answer 19

Anagen (growth phase)

Question 20

What phase of the hair growth cycle is characterized by massive apoptosis and lasts 2-3 weeks?

Answer 20

Catagen (involution phase)

Question 21

What phase of the hair growth cycle is characterized by final involution and hair shaft shedding and lasts 100 days?

Answer 21

Telogen (resting phase)

Question 22

The hard, visible part of the nail; composed of hard keratin, densely packed keratin filaments in a high-sulfur matrix, making it hard.

Answer 22

Nail plate

Question 23

The nail plate acts as the ____ for the fingertip.

Answer 23

Stratum corneum

Question 24

Epithelial layer beneath the nail plate, continuous with the stratum Basale and spinosum of the epidermis; lacks stratum granulosum.

Answer 24

Nail bed

Question 25

The germinative zone under the nail roots; contains stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel's cells, and Langerhans' cells.

Answer 25

Nail matrix

Question 26

Crescent-shaped white area near the root; thick, opaque layer of partially keratinized matric cells.

Answer 26

Lunula

Question 27

Folds of skin bordering the nail plate.

Answer 27

Nail folds

Question 28

Edge of the proximal nail fold covering the nail root.

Answer 28

Eponychium (cuticle)

Question 29

Thickened epidermal layer under the free distal edge of the nail plate.

Answer 29

Hyponychium

Question 30

Dark coloration of the nail plate due to increased melanin production or melanocyte numbers.

Answer 30

Melanonychia

Question 31

What type of gland arises from outgrowths of the external root sheath of the hair follicle, typically in the upper third?

Answer 31

Sebaceous glands

Question 32

What type of secretion mode do sebaceous glands follow?

Answer 32

Holocrine secretion

Question 33

What type of secretion mode involves the entire secretory cell filling with lipid-rich product, dying, disintegrating, and releasing its contents into the duct?

Answer 33

Holocrine secretion

Question 34

Sebaceous hyperplasia can appear as small bumps and is benign but can resemble ____.

Answer 34

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 35

What type of gland is a simple coiled tubular gland with the secretory portion deep in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, opening directly onto the skin via a pore?

Answer 35

Eccrine sweat glands

Question 36

What type of secretion mode do eccrine sweat glands display?

Answer 36

Merocrine secretion

Question 37

What type of secretion mode involves secretions being released from cells via vesicles fusing with the cell membrane, with no loss of cytoplasm?

Answer 37

Merocrine secretion

Question 38

What type of cells in eccrine sweat glands secrete water, NaCl, and urea?

Answer 38

Clear (light) cells

Question 39

What type of cells in eccrine sweat glands contain secretory granules and secrete glycoproteins?

Answer 39

Dark cells

Question 40

What type of cells in eccrine sweat glands surround the secretory portion and contract to help expel sweat?

Answer 40

Myoepithelial cells

Question 41

What type of gland develops from epidermal down growths associated with hair follicles and have ducts that open into the hair follicle canal?

Answer 41

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 42

What type of glands are coiled tubular in structure, with the secretory portion deep in the dermis or hypodermis and store secretory products in their lumens?

Answer 42

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 43

What type of secretion mode do apocrine sweat glands display?

Answer 43

Merocrine secretion

Question 44

What type of gland produces a thick, milky secretion containing protein, carbohydrates, ammonia, lipids, and organic compounds?

Question 45

What type of sensory receptors in the skin detect pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch/mechanoreception?

Answer 45

Free nerve endings

Question 46

What type of sensory receptor of the skin is described as modified epidermal cells located in the stratum Basale, associated with nerve endings and bound to keratinocytes by desmosomes?

Answer 46

Merkel cells

Question 47

Where are Merkel cells located within the epidermis?

Answer 47

Stratum Basale of the epidermis

Question 48

What sensory receptor of the skin is slowly adapting and detects fine touch discrimination?

Answer 48

Merkel cells

Question 49

Where are Merkel cells derived from?

Answer 49

Epidermal progenitor cells

Question 50

What type of sensory receptor of the skin appears as encapsulated nerve endings that appear twisted or coiled within dermal papillae?

Answer 50

Meissner corpuscles

Question 51

Where are Meissner corpuscles located?

Answer 51

Dermal papillae, hairless skin

Question 52

What type of skin receptor detects light touch and texture discrimination with rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors?

Answer 52

Meissner corpuscles

Question 53

What type of sensory receptor of the skin appears as large, encapsulated nerve endings with concentric layers of connective tissue resembling an onion?

Answer 53

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 54

Where are Pacinian corpuscles located?

Answer 54

Deeper dermis and hypodermis; also in connective tissues like ligaments and joint capsules

Question 55

What type of sensory receptors of the skin detect deep pressure and vibration with rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors?

Answer 55

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 56

What type of sensory receptor of the skin appears as encapsulated, elongated, and spindle-shaped?

Answer 56

Ruffini corpuscles

Question 57

Where are Ruffini corpuscles located?

Answer 57

Dermis, hypodermis, connective tissues

Question 58

What skin sensory receptors detect skin stretch, sustained pressure, warmth with slowly adapting mechanoreceptors?

Answer 58

Ruffini corpuscles