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ANP 1107 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what muscle is especially sensitive to fluctuations in plasma K+

A

Cardiac muscle

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2
Q

Potassium and what moves in opposite directions in acid base balance

A

H+

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3
Q

acidosis leads to what effect on K+

A

rise in extracellular K+

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4
Q

Alkalosis leads to what effect on K+

A

Higher intracellular levels

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5
Q

what percent of K+ is lost in filtrate

A

10

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6
Q

Most potassium is reabsorbed where

A

PCT
Ascending limb of loop of henle

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7
Q

Where is k+ secreted

A

DCT
principal cells of collecting duct

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8
Q

Why do we need to be constantly eating potassium

A

Because we secrete so much of it

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9
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on potassium

A

Increased secretion

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10
Q

Where is most calcium found

A

In bone

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11
Q

Name 4 things calcium is important for

A

Muscle contraction
Bone density
NT release
Second messengers

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12
Q

Where is PTH secreted from

A

Parathyroid glands

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13
Q

What does PTH do

A

Increases blood calcium

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14
Q

What does PTH sacrifice to maintain blood calcium levels

A

Bone density

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15
Q

What increases blood calcium levels

A

PTH

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16
Q

What calcium affecting hormone is important for kids but not adults

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

Decreases blood calcium
Stimulates bone deposition, inhibits reabsorption

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18
Q

What percent of filtered calcium is reabsorbed

A

98

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19
Q

What are the 3 targets of PTH

A

bone
small intestine
kidneys

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20
Q

Why does PTH have the opposite effect on phosphate than calcium

A

Phosphate will bind to calcium and decrease the levels in blood

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21
Q

What does PTH target in bone

A

Osteoclasts

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22
Q

What does PTH target in the small intestine

A

Activation of Vitamin D

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23
Q

What percent of filtered phosphate is reabsorbed in PCT

A

75

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24
Q

What process is involved in reabsorption of phosphate

A

Active transport

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25
How much phosphate is reabsorbed in absence of PTH
up to Tm
26
How much phosphate is reabsorbed in the presence of PTH
reduced reabsorption
27
What does calcitonin inhibit
Osteoclasts
28
What effect does calcitonin inhibiting osteoclasts have
No breakdown of bone to release calcium
29
What is the arterial pH
7.4
30
What is the venous pH
7.35
31
What is the intracellular pH
7.0
32
Name 4 sources of acid
Breakdown of proteins containing phosphorus Anaerobic metabolism of glucose Fat metabolism Transport of CO2 as bicarbonate
33
What acid comes from Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins
phosphoric acid
34
What acid comes from anaerobic metabolism of gluocse
Lactic acid
35
What acid comes from fat metabolism
fatty acids ketone bodies
36
What acid comes from loading and transport of CO2 as bicarbonate
H+ ions
37
What is alkalosis
blood pH higher than 7.45
38
What is acidosis
blood pH lower than 7.35
39
What is a strong acid
Acid that fully dissolves in a solution
40
What is a weak acid
One that doesn't dissolve completely in a solution
41
Are buffers weak or strong acids
weak
42
How does a buffer being a weak acid help the acid base balance
They have the ability to soak up hydrogen ions
43
Name the three ways blood H+ levels are regulated
Chemical buffer systems Respiratory center in brain stem Renal mechanisms
44
What is the fastest way to regulated H+ in blood
Chemical buffer system
45
What is the slowest way to regulate blood H+
Renal mechanism
46
Name the regulatory of H+ mechanisms in order from fastest to slowest
CHemical buffer Respiratory Renal
47
Name the blood H+ regulatory mechanisms in order of most to least effective (in terms of capacity etc)
Renal Respiratory Chemical buffer
48
Why is it difficult to reabsorb bicarbonate
Tubule cells are almost completely impermeable to bicarbonate in filtrate
49
Why do we need to keep replenishing bicarbonate?
It's breathed out as CO2
50
What cation accompanies bicarbonate into peritubular capillaries
Sodium
51
What surface is inpenetrable to bicarbonate
Apical surface
52
What is the formula for bicarbonate
HCO3-
53
What is the formula for carbonic acid
H2CO3
54
Describe the pathway that a bicarbonate ion must take to get into the brush border cell
Converts to carbonic acid with a H+ Carbonic acid converts to H20 and CO2 H2O and CO2 go into brush border cell They get converted to carbonic acid again Carbonic acid turns into H+ and bicarb
55
How does bicarbonate get into the peritubular capillaries from the brush border cell
It either uses sodium as a cotransporter or chlorine as an antiporter
56
When a H+ enters the filtrate, what takes it's place
A sodium ion
57
What are the two ways to create new bicarbonate ions
Phosphate buffer system NH4+ excretion
58
What is the weak base in the phosphate buffer system
HPO4 2-
59
Is HPO4 2- a weak or strong base
Weak
60
When is 75% of phosphate NOT reabsorbed
During acidosis
61
What type of brush border cell in the collecting duct actively secrete H+
Type A intercalated
62
How does the phosphate buffer system work
In the brush border cell, water and co2 make carbonic acid, which turns into hco3 and h+. The h+ is secreted into the filtrate binding to hpo42- to make h2po4-. New bicarb gets into capillary via cl antiporter
63
how is bicarbonate generated in PCT cells with NH4+ secretion
by metabolism of glutamine
64
What is the amino acid used to make bicarb
glutamine
65
What is glutamine
The aa used to generate new bicarb
66
How many new bicarbs are made via gluatmine
2
67
What are the products of glutamine metabolism in the PCT
2 NH4+ (ammonium) 2 HCO3-
68
Is NH4+ a weak or strong acid
Weak
69
When do we deal with bicarb excretion
only during alkalosis
70
What type of cells in the collecting duct function to get rid of bicarbs
Type B intercalated cells
71
What causes respiratory acidosis
Hypoventilation
72
When does respiratory alkalosis occur
hyperventilation
73
Why does hyperventilation cause respiratory alkalosis
They breathe out more CO2 than normal, makes the pH higher
74
If a rxn shifts to the left, what is produced more
Reactants
75
If a rxn shifts to the right, what is produced more
Products
76
Adding more reactants causes the reaction to shift to the
RIght
77
Increase in product causes the reaction to shift
Left
78
Decrease in product causes the reaction to shift
Right - more product
79
Decrease in reactant causes the rxn to shift
Left - make more reactant
80
How does hypoventilation cause respiratory acidosis
You can't eliminate enough CO2, causing your pH to lower
81
What can cause metabolic acidosis
Getting rid of bicarb too quickly, diarrhea, alcohol, ketone bodies, kidneys arent getting rid of acid
82
What can cause metabolic alkalosis
Too little acid in the body Lots of vomiting - more bicarb, eating too much sodium bicarb, too much aldosterone
83
Respiratory based pH disturbances center around which molecule
CO2
84
Metabolic based pH disturbances center around which molecule
HCO3-
85
Is co2 acidic or basic
Acidic
86
Is HCO3- acidic or basic
Basic
87
pH : 7.6 C02 : 24 mmHg (35-45) HCO3- : 23 (22-26)
Resp alkalosis, not compensating
88
pH : 7.48 (7.35-7.45) C02 : 46 mmHg (35-45) HCO3- : 33 (22-26)
Metabolic alkalosis Compensating slightly
89
pH : 7.3 (7.35-7.45) C02 : 68 mmHg (35-45) HCO3- : 28 (22-26)
Respiratory Acidosis, Compensating
90
pH : 7.0 (7.35-7.45) C02 : 23 mmHg (35-45) HCO3- : 12 (22-26)
Metabolic acidosis, compensating
91
pH : 7.6 (7.35-7.45) C02 : 31 mmHg (35-45) HCO3- : 25 (22-26)
Respiratory Alkalosis Not compensating

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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