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ANP 1107 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Can polysaccharides be digested as is?

A

Nope, gotta be monosaccharides

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2
Q

What digests proteins

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

What converts trypsinogen into trypsin

A

Membrane bound enteropeptidase

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4
Q

What convertes chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin

A

Trypsin

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5
Q

What converts procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase

A

Trypsin

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6
Q

How does pepsin digest proteins

A

It cleaves bonds with tyrosine and phenylalanine

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7
Q

Pepsin hydrolyzes what percent of ingested protein

A

10-15

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8
Q

What are the two sources for carboxypeptidase

A

brush border
pancreas

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9
Q

What enzyme chews one amino acid from the carboxyl end

A

Carboxypeptidase

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10
Q

What enzyme chews an amino acid frm the amine region

A

Aminopeptidase

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11
Q

What enzyme chews an amino acid at both ends

A

Dipeptidase

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12
Q

What breaks protein into large polypeptides

A

Pepsin

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13
Q

What breaks proteins from large polypeptides to small polypeptides

A

Pancreatic enzymes

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14
Q

What breaks small protein polypeptides into amino acids

A

Brush border enzymes

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15
Q

Aminopeptidase, Carboxypeptidase, and Dipeptidase are what kind of enzymes

A

Brush border

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16
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase are what kind of enzymes

A

Pancreatic enzymes

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17
Q

What is a triglyceride

A

a neutral fat

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18
Q

how does glycerol turn into a triglyceride

A

loses an h20 and binds with two other gycerols

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19
Q

What is the only significant site of fat digestion

A

small intestine

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20
Q

what do lipases cleave triglycerides into

A

fatty accids and glycerol/2-monoglycerides

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21
Q

How are nucleic acids digested

A

pancreatic nucleases reduce rna and dna to consistent nucleotides

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22
Q

what reduces nucleotides to free bases, pentose sugars and phosphate ions

A

intestinal brush border
nucleosidases
phosphatases

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23
Q

How many L of chyme reach the LI per day

A

0.5-1

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24
Q

What is the ileums primary function

A

recycle bile salts via portal circulation to the liver

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25
What valve does the leftover foodstuff pass through to the large intestine from the ileum
Ileocecal valve
26
whose primary function is it to recycle bile salts via portal circulation to the liver
Ileum
27
Intestinal cells are joined at luminal surfaces by what
tight junction
28
How are lipid digestion products absorbed by the SI
passive diffusion
29
How are most nutrients absorbed
active transport
30
Carbs have to be ______ to be digested
monosaccharides
31
How are carbs absorbed into epithelial cells
Secondary active transport
32
How are carbs absorbed into blood capillaries
diffusion through intercellular clefts
33
What is the only monosaccharide that doesnt need ATP to be absorbed
fructose
34
The carb absorption used the _____ concentration gradient in the basolateral membrane
Sodium
35
The protein absorption used the _____ concentration gradient in the basolateral membrane
sodium
36
How do amino acids get into capillaries
Diffusion
37
are monoglycerides, glycerol and ffa water soluble or insoluble
Insoluble
38
What is a micelle
a very small emulsion droplet
39
What two things associate to create a micelle
Bile salts lecithin
40
Can micelles diffuse across the lipid bilayer
Yes
41
Once micelles diffuse into the cell, what happens to ffa and glycerol
they get resynthesized into triglycerides
42
what are chylomicrons
proteins, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol
43
How do chylomicrons empty into the venous blood
they enter the lymphatic systme and are emptied into the thoracic duct
44
how are triglycerides hydrolyzed in circulation
by lipoprotein lipase
45
lipid absorption is usually complete by the _____
Ileum
46
What happens to lipid digestion if bile is missing
You can't absorb it, so you just have fatty stools
47
what type of vitamins are absorbed as part of the micelles
fat soluble vitamins
48
What are the fat soluble vitamins we learned
A D E K
49
what are the water soluble vitamins we learned
B C
50
what type of vitamins are absorbed easily
water soluble
51
what is the water soluble vitamin that cannot be absorbed easily
Vitamin B12
52
sodium absorption is coupled to that of ____ and ______
glucose and amino acids
53
anions primarily follow the electrical gradient established by ______
sodium
54
do chloride ions transport actively or passively
actively
55
How is potassium absorbed
simple diffusion - osmotic gradient
56
how is iron absorbed
it's actively transported into mucosal cells and binds to ferritin
57
How is iron transported in bloud
Bound to transferrin
58
what is the absorption of calcium related to
blood levels of ionic calcium
59
what does PTH trigger
activation of vitamin D by idneys, to increase uptake of calcium by the SI
60
What triggers secretion of PTH
low plasma calcium
61
most of the water is absorbed by ______
osmosis
62
How long does the leftover foodstuff spend in the LI
12-24 hours
63
What is the major function of the large intestine
Defecation
64
What causes gases
Fermentation in the LI (ie of cellulose)
65
What vitamins are synthesized in the LI
B and K
66
how often are haustral contractions
every 30 mins
67
what does a haustral contraction move the contents to
the next haustrum
68
what is the gastrocolic reflex
Long, slow and powerful mass movements in the LI
69
How often does the gastrocolic reflex occur in a day
3-4 times
70
What can occur when you have too little fiber
pressure on walls increases; can lead to diverticulosis
71
What is diverticulosis
small herniations of the LI mucosa
72
What can diverticulosis lead to
Diverticulitis
73
Whats more serious, diverticulosis or diverticulitis
diverticulitis
74
What does fiber do
increases strength of colon contractions and softens stools
75
what is valsalvas maneuver
the closing of glottis, contracting diaphragm and ab muscles

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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