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ANP 1107 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of ATP do we use for energy recovery

A

38%

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2
Q

What is the rest of ATP lost as if not used

A

Heat

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3
Q

What is gluconeogensis

A

The liver creating new glucose for the blood

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4
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Making glycogen from glucose

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5
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Breaking down glycogen to get glucose

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6
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The first step of cellular respiration

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7
Q

ONLY ____ can enter glycolytic pathway

A

Glycerol

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8
Q

What is glycogen

A

A byproduct of breaking down carbohydrates

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9
Q

What is glycerol

A

A byproduct of breaking down fats

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10
Q

What does a triglyceride break down into

A

Glycerol and FFA

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11
Q

what two things can enter the Krebs cycle

A

Fatty acids products
Glycerol products

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12
Q

what is fatty acid converted to for the krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA

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13
Q

How are fatty acids converted to acetyl CoA

A

2 carbon snips of fatty acids yield acetic acid which is converted to acetyl CoA

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14
Q

What is the word for fatty acid/triglycerice synthesis

A

Lipogenesis

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15
Q

What is the word for triglyceride breakdown

A

Lipolysis

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16
Q

What accumulates when burning a lot of fatty acid chains

A

Ketone bodies

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17
Q

Where is deamination done

A

Liver

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18
Q

What is deamination

A

Removing an amine group from aa to use it for something other than making proteins

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19
Q

What is transamination

A

Transffering an amine group from an aa to an acceptor keto acid

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20
Q

What is a byproduct of transammination

A

Ammonia

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21
Q

What is ammonia converted to

A

Urea

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22
Q

What is the “fed” state

A

The absorptive state

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23
Q

What is the fasting state

A

postabsorptive state

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24
Q

What is the homeostatic range of blood sugar

A

70-100 mg/100ml

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25
In the absorptive state _____ exceeds _______
anabolism catabolism
26
What is the major fuel during the absorptive state
Glucose
27
What is glucose converted to during the absorptive state
Glycogen
28
What directs all events during the absorptive state
Insulin
29
What produces insulin
Beta cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans
30
What do the beta cells of pancreatic islets of langehans produce
Insulin
31
How many aa is insulin
51
32
How are the amino acid chains in insulin connected
disulfide bonds
33
How is proinsulin converted to insulin
middle portion excised right before release
34
What is the primary stimulation for insulin secretion
rise in blood sugar
35
Where is insulin stored
Beta cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans
36
What is the principal effect of insulin
activate carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
37
What 4 locations are insulin not needed for glucose entry
Liver Kidney Brain Intestinal epithelial cells
38
Why does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis
Because since we just ate, we already have lots of glucose and don't need more
39
what are the two events geared towards in the postabsorptive state
sparing glucose for the brain making more glucose available for the circulatory system
40
What are the three available sources for glucose
stored glycogen fat (just the glycerol) tissue proteins
41
Why cant skeletal muscle directly provide glucose
It doesn't have glucose 6 phosphatase to break down the glycogen into glucose
42
what is the first source of glucose during the post absorptive state
Liver glycogen reserves
43
How does skeletal muscle make glucose
they metabolise glucose-6-phosphate by glycolysis to pyruvate/lactic acid, then it goes to the liver to become glucose
44
the liver converting glycerol to glucose is what kind of process
gluconeogenesis
45
what is the last resort of energy
protein
46
what is used for energy to conserve glucose
noncarbohydrate fuel ie triglycerides
47
in the postabsorptive state all tissues and organs except _______ switch to using fat as their main energy source
the brain
48
what can ketone bodies be used for
energy
49
decreasing blood glucose stimulates secretion of what
Glucagon
50
what is glucagon stimulated by
decreasing blood sugar
51
What is the counterpart to insulin
glucagon
52
what is the counterpart to glucagon
insulin
53
what produces glucagon
alpha cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans
54
alpha cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans secrete what
glucagon
55
is glucagon hypo or hyperglycemic
hyperglycemic
56
what is the name for the process of breaking down triglycerides
lipolysis
57
what is the main target of glucagon
liver adipose tissue
58
the liver and adipose tissue are the main target of what hormone
glucagon
59
what is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose
glycogenolysis
60
what three things does glucagon promote
glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis lipolysis
61
what gland responds to sympathetic stimulation as part of fight or flight response
adrenal gland
62
what contains chromaffin cells
adrenal medulla
63
what secretes epinephrine and norepinephrin
chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
64
what does epi and norepi stimulate
all the processes to get glucose in the blood stream
65
what secretes cortisol
adrenal cortex
66
what does the adrenal cortex secrete
cortisol

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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