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Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the female gametes

A

Oocytes

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2
Q

what are oocytes

A

the female gametes

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3
Q

what does aromatase do

A

converts testosterone to estradiol

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4
Q

what converts testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

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5
Q

what does progesterone do

A

gets the body ready for pregnancy

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6
Q

what are the two key functions of ovaries

A

produces oocytes
produce reproductive hormones

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7
Q

Name the pathway from cholesterol to estradiol

A

cholesterol
progesterone
androstenedione
testosterone
estradiol

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8
Q

where are progestins, androgens and estrogens produced

A

ovarian follicles

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9
Q

when is estradiol most important

A

first half of menstural cycle

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10
Q

how many carbons do progestins have

A

21

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11
Q

what produces progestins

A

all major ovarian cell types - granulosa cells, theca cells, corpus luteum etc

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12
Q

progestins are most important as a product of

A

the corpus luteum

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13
Q

when are progestins most important

A

during luteal phase and maintenance of pregnancy

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14
Q

androgens are most important as a precursor for what

A

estradiol

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15
Q

how many carbons do androgens have

A

19

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16
Q

what are androgens synthesized by

A

follicular theca cells
corpus lueum

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17
Q

what is too much testosterone associated with in women

A

follicular atresia

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18
Q

follicular atresia can be caused by what

A

too much testosterone

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19
Q

what are estrogens synthesized by

A

follicular granulosa cells
corpus luteum

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20
Q

what are estrogens essential for

A

stimulation of follicular development
onset of puberty
etc

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21
Q

What is the role of FSH W

A

stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and produce estradiol

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22
Q

what is the role of LH W

A

stimulates testosterone production by theca cells
stimulates ovulation/secretion of steroid hormones by corpus luteum

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23
Q

What is the second half of the menstrual cycle governed by

A

LH

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24
Q

What is the starting point of the primordial follicle

A

oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened follicular cells

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25
What will the single layer of flattened follicular cells around the oocyte turn into
granulosa cells
26
what is arrested at prophase of meiosis I
primary oocyte
27
when does the ovary have full complement of primordial follicles
6 months
28
What triggers resumption of meiosis
fertilization of the ovum
29
what is a zygote
fertilized egg
30
what is the name for a fertilized egg
zygote
31
what is the first trigger for meiosis in W
LH surge
32
what is the second trigger in meiosis in W
Fertilization
33
is the development of the primary follicle gonadotropin dependant or independant
independant
34
what is aquired when the oocyte increases in size
zona pellucida
35
what is the zona pellucida
specialized area surrounding oocytes
36
what happens as the primary follicle starts to develop
oocytes get bigger - zona pellucida granulosa cells divide/form several layers cells glosest to growing follicles form into theca cells
37
Continued maturation of the follicles require what
LH and FSH
38
when does it stop being a primary follicle
once you see fluid in the granulosa layer
39
what is antrum
Fluid
40
why is the antrum important
it helps to carry the oocyte - when follicle ruptures, the fluid carries out the oocyte
41
Why can theca cells not create estradiol
they dont have aromatase
42
what 2 compartments does the basement membrane divide the follicles into
inner granulosa cell outer theca cell compartment
43
What follicular compartment is non vascularized
inner granulosa cell
44
What follicular compartment is FSH responsive
inner granulosa cell
45
What follicular compartment is vascularized
outer theca cell compartment
46
what follicular compartment is LH responsive
outer theca cell compartment
47
what do theca cells produce W
testosterone
48
can theca cells make estradiol
nope - no aromatase
49
what happens if there is no rising FSH levels at beginning of cycle
atresia
50
how does a follicle become dominant
must convert an androgenic environment to estrogenic environment
51
What is the corpus luteum regulated by
LH
52
why does FSH switches to inducing receptors for LH
because the corpus luteum is only regulated by LH
53
why is the corpus luteum regulated only by LH
it stimulates further E and P production Allows for LH surge
54
Name 4 things LH stimulates in ovulation
resumption of meiosis (extrusion of polar body 1) P production by granulosa cells increase in antral fluid volume release of hydrolytic enzymes
55
What is the most importnat hormone once the oocyte is released
Progesterone
56
what are cumulus cells
tightly associated granulosa cells that surround the oocyte and help w oocyte maturation and fertilization
57
what does the minor FSH surge in ovulation stimulate
synthesis of hyauloronic acid
58
what is hyaluronic acid important for in ovulation
cumulus explansion
59
what is the corpus luteum composed of
Luteinized granulosa theca cells capillaries
60
What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum without pregnancy
12 days
61
How long is the luteal phase
12 days
62
What phase has the resurfacing of epithelium
proliferative
63
what phase includes the development of spiral arteries and uterine glands
Proliferative phase
64
What phase does cervical mucus become thin to allow sperm passage
Proliferative
65
What phase includes the thickening of whole layer due to cell growth and fluid retention
Secretory phase
66
What are the 2 ovarian phases
Follicular phase Luteal phase
67
What day of ovarian phases does ovulation occur
14
68
What are the three uterine phases
menstrual proliferative secretory
69
what is produced in increasing amounts if the oocyte is fertilized (beginning day 9-13 after ovulation)
hCG
70
what rescuses CL until placental P can maintain pregnancy
hCG
71
what are the diploid stem cells in the ovaries
Oogonia
72
what do the oogonia produce after mitosis
Primary oocytes
73
what do the primary oocytes produce after meiosis I
secondary oocytes
74
what does a secondary oocyte produce after going through meiosis II
Ova
75
The surrounding cells of an oocyte are called ____ if only one layer is present
pre-granulosa cells
76
The surrounding cells of an oocyte are called _____ if more than one layer is present
Granulosa cells
77
What are the functional units of the ovary
follicles
78
Describe primordial follicles
have a single layer of squamound pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte
79
Describe primary follicles
have a single layer of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte
80
Describe secondary follicles
have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte - appearance of antrum
81
What do primordial, primary and secondary follicles all contain
primary oocytes arrested in prophase 1
82
Before puberty, all developing follicles:
undergo atresia
83
What does the corpus luteum develop from
ruptured follicle
84
THE ____ is the only thing that ever resumes meosis I in females
the oocyte in the dominant follicle
85
How many polar bodies are made in female meiosis
3
86
What are the products of female meiosis 1
two haploid cells - smaller one is the first polar body, bigger is the secondary oocyte
87
when does the secondary oocyte arrest
metaphase II
88
What is produced after meiosis 2 in females
one large ovum a tiny second polar body
89
What are the two phases of follicle development
Gonadotropin - independant preantral phase Antral phase
90
What occurs when a primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle
squamous cells surrounding become cuboidal oocyte gets bigger zona pellucida forms
91
What occurs when a primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle
multiple granulosa cell layers form Oocyte gets a lot bigger
92
What is an antrum
A large, fluid filled cavity
93
when does the secondary follicular stage end
when a clear liquid begins to accumulate btween the granulosa cells
94
when is the dominant follicle selected
the follicular phase
95
how long does a follicular phase last
14ish days
96
what is the phase in which the corpus luteum is active
luteal phase
97
What occur during ovulation
the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte
98

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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