Lecture 4 (we're getting there!!!)

Question 1

What is the only part of the GI tract for ingestion

Answer 1

The mouth

Question 2

What do mumps infect

Answer 2

Parotid glands

Question 3

What do parotid glands release

Answer 3

Watery (serous) secretions

Question 4

What percent of saliva do the parotid glands create

Answer 4

25%

Question 5

What percent of saliva does the submandibular glands create

Answer 5

70%

Question 6

What kind of saliva do the submandibular glands secrete

Answer 6

serous and mucous

Question 7

What percent of saliva does the sublingual glands secrete

Answer 7

5%

Question 8

What kind of saliva do sublingual glands produce

Answer 8

Mucousy

Question 9

What is another word for swallowing

Answer 9

Deglutition

Question 10

What are the 2 phases of swallowing

Answer 10

Buccal
Pharyngeal-esophageal

Question 11

What phase of swallowing is voluntary

Answer 11

Buccal phase

Question 12

Describe the buccal phase

Answer 12

Tongue forced against hard palate
tongue forces food into oropharynx

Question 13

What phase of swallowing is involuntary

Answer 13

pharyngeal-esophageal

Question 14

What is the pharyngeal-esophageal phase controlled by

Answer 14

The swallowing center

Question 15

Where is the swallowing center located

Answer 15

Medulla
Lower pons

Question 16

What phase of swallowing involves blocking off every path except to the stomach

Answer 16

Pharyngeal-esophageal

Question 17

Where is the gastro esophageal sphincter located

Answer 17

Between esophagus and stomach

Question 18

What is a hiatal hernia

Answer 18

When the diaphragm is not properly positioned and the stomach pushes up

Question 19

What is barrett’s esophagus

Answer 19

when esophageal tissue is exposed to stomach acid, and tissue becomes to look more similar to stomach tissue

Question 20

What can barrett’s esophagus progess to

Answer 20

Esophageal cancer

Question 21

What is food converted to in the stomach

Answer 21

Chyme

Question 22

Where is casein found

Answer 22

Milk

Question 23

What is the function of rennin

Answer 23

digest casein

Question 24

What does pepsin do

Answer 24

Digest proteins

Question 25

What enzyme digests proteins

Answer 25

Pepsin

Question 26

What two lipid soluble drugs are easily absorbed by the stomach

Answer 26

Anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol

Question 27

What is the function of intrinsic factor

Answer 27

absorption for B12

Question 28

What is B12 necessary for

Answer 28

RBC

Question 29

What transforms pepsinogen into pepsin

Answer 29

HCl

Question 30

What denatures proteins and nucleic acids in the stomach

Answer 30

HCl

Question 31

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion

Answer 31

Cephalic Gastric Intestinal

Question 32

What phase of gastric secretion occurs before food enters the stomach

Answer 32

Cephalic

Question 33

How long is the cephalic phase

Answer 33

only a few minutes

Question 34

What is the function of the cephalic phase

Answer 34

To "prime" the stomach for food

Question 35

What inputs the hypothalamus vagal nuclei of medulla oblongata leading to secretion of gastric juice

Answer 35

Olfactory taste buds

Question 36

How long is the gastric phase

Answer 36

3-4 hours long

Question 37

What phase provides about 2/3 of gastric secretions

Answer 37

Gastric

Question 38

What 3 things initiate the gastric phase

Answer 38

Distension of stomach Peptides Low acidity

Question 39

How does stomach distension initiate the gastric phase

Answer 39

Mechanoreceptors's vagal reflexes release Ach and increase output of gastric juices

Question 40

What are the more important triggers for the gastric phase

Answer 40

Peptides and low acidity

Question 41

What cells secrete gastrin

Answer 41

G cells

Question 42

Where do you find G cells

Answer 42

Stomach pyloric antrum

Question 43

What do G cells secrete

Answer 43

Gastrin

Question 44

What do peptides and low acidity lead to

Answer 44

Secretion of gastrin and histamines

Question 45

Does caffeine increase or decrease gastrin secretions

Answer 45

Increase

Question 46

Proteins are _______ to increase stomach pH

Answer 46

Buffers

Question 47

Gatrin secretion is _______ when pH is below 2

Answer 47

inhibited

Question 48

What does gastrin do

Answer 48

Increases gastric juice secretion (especially HCl)

Question 49

What cells secrete HCl

Answer 49

Parietal cells

Question 50

What cells secrete intrinsic factor

Answer 50

Parietal

Question 51

Parietal cells secrete what

Answer 51

Intrinsic factor HCl

Question 52

What do chief cells secrete

Answer 52

pepsinogen

Question 53

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete

Answer 53

Hormones and paracrines

Question 54

What are the two components of the intestinal phase

Answer 54

excitatory inhibatory

Question 55

What is the excitatory component of the intestinal phase mediated by

Answer 55

Intestinal gastrin

Question 56

What is the excitatory component of the intestinal phase triggered by

Answer 56

Low pH and foodstuffs as chyme enters the duodenum

Question 57

What happens when during the inhibitory component of the intestinal phase

Answer 57

Enterogastric reflex: vagal nuclein in medulla inhibited Local reflexes inhibited Sympathetic fibers activated - pyloric sphincter tightens

Question 58

What are the two main enterogastrones

Answer 58

Secretin Cholecystokinin

Question 59

What happens when enterogastrons are released

Answer 59

Gastric secretion decreases Gastric emptying slows

Question 60

What are secretin and cholecystokinin

Answer 60

enterogastrones

Question 61

Is H+ secretion into stomach lument active or passive

Answer 61

active

Question 62

What is H+ secretion in response to

Answer 62

Gastrin Ach Histamine

Question 63

What is H+ derived from

Answer 63

Carbonic acid

Question 64

What follows H+ and why

Answer 64

Cl- to maintain electrical balance

Question 65

What is the other product of HCL secretion

Answer 65

HCO3-

Question 66

What is the alkaline tide

Answer 66

rise in plasma/urinary pH from efflusx of HCO3- into blood in exchange for Cl-

Question 67

When does the alkaline tide occur

Answer 67

After a meal

Question 68

What is tagamet

Answer 68

Treatment for an ulcer

Question 69

What does tagamet do

Answer 69

inhibits the histamine-H2 receptor interaction

Question 70

How does tagamet inhibit the histamine-H2 receptor interaction

Answer 70

Tagamet binds to H2 to prevent it from binding to histamine

Question 71

What is accommodation

Answer 71

smooth muscle allowing stomach to stretch without increasing tension

Question 72

What are the interstitial cells of cajal

Answer 72

they depolarize every 20 seconds and regulate stomach constriction

Question 73

Rate of stomach emptying is largely dependent on what

Answer 73

signalling from the duodenum