Lecture 9 - Start of Exam 2 Flashcards by Danielle Rabjohn

Who discovered insulin

Frederick Banting
Charles Best

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Who got the nobel prize for the insulin discovery

Frederick Banting
John McLeod

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With diabetes, glucose cannot _____

enter the cells

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When glucose cant enter the cells, how does the body respond

mobilizing fats
(lipolysis)

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Accumulation of ketone bodies due to diabetes leads to what

ketoacidosis

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Can FFA make glucose

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Can FFA enter the Krebs cycle

Not when carb sources are low

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Why can FFA not enter Krebs cycle when carb sources are low

oxaloacetate is scavenged, which is the acetyl-CoA acceptor molecule

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What is ketoacidosis

blood pH is lowered

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what molecule turns into ketone bodies, and gives breath the sweet smell

acetoacetic acid

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Why does a diabetic’s breath smell sweet

due to a build of of acetoacetic acid created from 2 acetyl-CoA when it cannot enter the Krebs cycle

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What are the three signs of diabetes

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

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What is polyuria

Excessive peeing

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How is polyuria caused

Too much glucose in urine
Osmosis occurs, water follows (as does electrolytes)
Blood volume down, dehydration occurs

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What is polydipsia

Being very thirsty all the time

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How is polydipsia in diabetes caused

Dehydration due to polyuria stimulates hypothalamic thirst centers

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What is polyphagia

excessive hunger

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How is polyphagia caused in diabetes

the person is starving due to inability to use carbs

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What type is the juvenile diabetes

Type 1

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What type is the insulin dependant diabetes

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What type of diabetes is the less common

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What is type 1 diabetes caused by

A lack of beta cells
No insulin production

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Name a theory that could cause type 1 diabetes

an autoimmune reaction that kills the beta cells

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Is there a genetic component to type 1 diabetes

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Why are there so many complications with insulin injections

You get a big spike of insulin at once, as opposed to little amounts released by your body to maintain homeostatic range

What is one of the biggest issues associated with diabetes/insulin injections

nerve issues

What is the most common form of diabetes

Type 2

Is there a genetic component to type 2 diabetes

Yes, a strong one

Do type 2 diabetics produce insulin

Typically yes, but in smaller amounts or the receptors are desensitized

Do only overweight and sedentary people get type 2 diabetes

No, it just makes you more predisposed to it

Ketoacidosis is not a major problem for what type of diabetes

Type 2

What type of vitamins does the liver store

Fat soluble K A D E and B12 but its water soluble

What is the primary site for B oxidation

Liver

What generates ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA

The liver

What are the four kinds of lipoproteins

Cholymicrons VLDL LDL HDL

What kind of lipoprotein is mostly triglyceride

Cholymicrons

Less density is caused by more or less lipids?

More More lipids = lower density

What type of lipoprotein carries the least lipids

HDL

What are the 4 main components of lipoproteins

Triglycerides (lipids) Phospholipids Cholesterol Protein

Where are VLDL made primarily

Liver

What is the VLDL main role

transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (adipose mainly)

what do VLDL turn into after they unload the triglycerides

LDL

what is the primary role of LDL

deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues

What is the "bad" lipoprotein

LDL

What is the primary purpose of the HDL

transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver (to be broken down)

What level of cholesterol is considered excess

over 200mg/dl

What is the high risk form of LDL

lipoprotein (a)

What stimulates liver synthesis of cholesterol

saturated fatty acids

what does saturated fatty acids stimulated and inhibit

stimulates liver synthesis of cholesterol inhibits cholesterol excretion

What do unsaturated fatty acids promote

catabolism and excretion of cholesterol

What do trans fats stimulate and inhibit

stimulates increased in LDL (bad) and inhibits HDL (bad thing, good lipoprotien)

What is the shape and location of the thyroid

Butterfly shape On trachea

What is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body

Thyroid

What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by

an isthmus

What is an isthmus

The part of the thyroid that connects the two lobes

What are follicles (thyroid)

hollow sphericle cells

What are thyroid follicles surrounded by

follicle cells ^cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells

what do follicle cells produce

thyroglobulin

What is thyroglobulin

a glycoprotein

What are follicles filled with

a colloid

What does colloid consist of

iodinated thyroglobulin

what is the precursor for thyroid hormone

iodinated thyroglobulin

iodinated thyroglobulin serves as the precursor for what

thyroid hormone

Where are parafollicular cells

interspersed between follicles

What produces calcitonin

parafollicular cells

What do parafollicular cells produce

calcitonin

what is the body's major metabolic hormone

thyroid hormone

what is the primary secretory product of thyroid follicles

thyroxine T4

what is the most active thyroid hormone

triiodothyronine T3

The 4 and 3 on the thyroid hormones refers to what

number of iodine molecules

What is the name of T3

triiodothyronine

Name T4

thyroxine

What is triiodothyronine derived from

largely thyroxine at target cells

what tyrosines are combined to form T3 and T4

DIT (T1) and MIT (T2)

Where do tyrosine and iodine attach

in the colloid

What does lysosomal enzymes do in the thyroid

cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin colloid - the iodinated tyrosine amino acids are A PART of thyroglobulin

T4 and T3 are transported in blood bound to what

thyroxine binding globulin

At target cells, most T4 is converted to waht

Where is thyroxine binding globulin made

the liver

where does T3 and T4 bind

The thyroid hormone receptor (TR)

What form of thyroid hormone is more potent

T3 (10x more)

Why is T3 more potent

T4 doesnt bind to the TR (thyroid hormone receptor) quite as well

Where is the TR (thyroid hormone receptor)

In the nucleus of cells

What does T3/T4 do when binded

change expression of target genes

What stimulates secretion of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

falling thyroid hormone levels

what makes TSH

anterior pituitary

What is the initial response of the tyroid gland due to TSH

secrete stored thyroid hormone

What is the second response of the thyroid gland to TSH

resynthesize thyroglobulin and replenish the colloid

what is unique about storage of the thyroid gland

it's stored outside the cell

TH affects every cell of the body except (5 things)

adult brain spleen testes uterus thyroid gland

what is 3 major functions of TH

regulate metabolic rate/heat production maintain blood pressure Regulates tissue growth and development

what is calorigenic effect

higher metabolic rate more heat

What is hypothyroidism

not enough TH

inadequate iodine causes what

an endemic goiter (big ass bump on the neck

how does an endemic goiter form

not enough iodine follicle cells cannot make iodinate colloid TSH increases to induce T3/T4 secretion Makes even more colloid

severe hypothyroidism in infants is termed

congenital hypothyroidism

what is congenital hypothyrodism

severe hypotyroidism in infants

what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism

graves disease

how does graves disease work

you develop antibodies taht mimic TSH and wayyyy too much T3 and T4 comes out

What is tyrosine

An amino acid on the thyroglobulin glycoprotein

Lecture 9 - Start of Exam 2 Flashcards

(100 cards)