Lesson 19 - The Past Participle

Question 1

How is the past participle formed?

Answer 1

Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the connecting vowel -i-.

The past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.

Question 2

Past participle of

pacati

Answer 2

pacita

(pac + i + ta)

cooked

Question 3

Past participle of

bhāsati

Answer 3

bhāsita

(bhās + i + ta)

spoken

Question 4

Past participle of

yācati

Answer 4

yācita

(yāc + i + ta)

begged

Question 5

Past participle of

deseti

Answer 5

desita

(dis’ + i + ta)

preached

Question 6

Past participle of

pūjeti

Answer 6

pūjita

(pūj + i + ta)

honoured

Question 7

Past participle of

gacchati

Answer 7

gata

(gam + ta)

gone

Question 8

Past participle of

hanati

Answer 8

hata

(han + ta)

killed

Question 9

Past participle of

nayati/neti

Answer 9

nīta

(nī + ta)

led

Question 10

Past participle of

chindati

Answer 10

chinna

(chid + na)

cut

Question 11

Past participle of

bhindati

Answer 11

bhinna

(bhid + na)

broken

Question 12

Past participle of

nisīdati

Answer 12

nisinna

(ni + sad + na)

seated

Question 13

Past participle of

tarati

Answer 13

tiṇṇa (tṛ + na)

crossed

Question 14

Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from what kinds of verbs?

Answer 14

Transitive verbs

Question 15

Past participles have an active meaning when they are formed from what kinds of verbs?

Answer 15

Intransitive verbs

Question 16

How are past participles declined?

Answer 16

In the three genders:

As -a ending nouns in the masculine and the neuter.

As -ā ending nouns in the feminine.

Question 17

Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are examples of what kinds of verbs?

Answer 17

Transitive verbs.

Therefore:
pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning)
chinnaṃ paṇṇaṃ = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning)
nimantitā kaññā = the girl who is invited (passive meaning).

Question 18

Gacchati, patati, tiṭṭhati are examples of what kinds of verbs?

Answer 18

Intransitive verbs.

Therefore:
manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone (active meaning);
pupphaṃ patitaṃ (hoti) = the flower has fallen (active meaning);
kaññā ṭhitā (hoti) = the girl has stood (active
meaning).