Lower GI Neoplasia Flashcards Preview

Human Disease > Lower GI Neoplasia > Flashcards

Flashcards in Lower GI Neoplasia Deck (19)
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1
Q

How many sections make up the large bowel?

A
5:
Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
2
Q

Where do most cases of lower GI neoplasias occur and why?

A

On the left in the sigmoid colon and rctum because this is where food (and carcinogens) sit

3
Q

What is a colorectal carcinoma?

A

Cancer in the colon or rectum

4
Q

What are the risks associated with colorectal cancer?

A
Aged 60 yrs +
Family history
Weight
Diet
Alcohol
5
Q

What are the two types of colorectal cancer?

A

HNPCC (hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer)

FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis)

6
Q

What is HNPCC?

A

Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer
The healthy form of this gene helps DNA repair itself. If you have the gene you’re at higher risk- poor DNA repair
90% M. 70% F with gene get bowel cancer by age 70

7
Q

What are the risks for HNPCC?

A

Ashkenazijews

Benign polyps in bowel

8
Q

What is FAP?

A
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Causes small non cancerous growths (benign poylps) to develop in the large bowel. Some can develop to cancer
Surgery by age 25 to remove colon
Epidermoid cysts are common
Subtype is Gardners syndrome
9
Q

What is Gardners syndrome?

A

Subtype of FAP

Mutation in APC gene, sebaceous cysts, dermoid cysts, fibromas, desmoid tumours, osteomas - bony growths on the jaw

10
Q

What are the three causes of polyps?

A

Metaplastic - localised hyperplastic proliferation
Neoplastic - atypical epithelial proliferation
Harmatoma - formed from elements of lamina propria

11
Q

How does an adenoma - carcinoma sequence progress?

A

Benign - acquire dysplasia - carcinoma in situ - invasive disease

12
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormalities in maturation of epithelial cells (premalignant)

13
Q

What is malignancy?

A

Invasion into soft tissue - process can metastasize to lymph/ distant sites

14
Q

What is the link with ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease to bowel cancer?

A

Higher risk of bowel cancer due to damage in the bowel lining and need to always repair itself so their is high cell turnover

15
Q

How does diet impact bowel cancer?

A

High fibre diet lowers the risk of poylps and cancer
Red/ processed meat increases the risk
Alcohol, weight and exercise increase irsk

16
Q

What are the symptoms of bowel cancer?

A

Bleeding from rectum or blood in poo
Change in bowel habits to diarrhoea for 4-6 weeks
Weight loss, pain, anaemia

17
Q

What are the two types of cancer that can occur in the bowel?

A

SCC - tumour of squamous, epithelial cells. RARE

Adenocarcinoma - glandular tumour. COMMON

18
Q

What 2 systems are used to stage bowel cancer?

A

TNM - tumor, node, metastasis T1 to T4 and N0 to N2

DUKES - A to D

19
Q

How do we manage bowel cancer?

A

Surgery is treatment of choice in 80%

Chemo and radiotherapy