Med Term 5 Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
A
cardiovascular system
2
Q
means heart
A
cardi/o
3
Q
means blood vessels
A
vascul
4
Q
a hollow, muscular organ located between the lungs. A very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain blood flow throughout the body
A
heart
5
Q
the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
A
pericardium, aka pericardial sac
6
Q
the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
A
epicardium
7
Q
means upon
A
epi-
8
Q
the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers and consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue
A
myocardium, aka myocardial muscle
9
Q
consists of epithelial tissue and is the inner lining of the heart
A
endocardium
10
Q
means within
A
endo-
11
Q
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
A
coronary arteries
12
Q
the two upper chambers of the heart. Receive blood, all blood vessels coming into the heart enter here
A
atria
13
Q
the two lower chambers of the heart. pumping chambers, and all blood vessels leaving the heart emerge from here
A
ventricles
14
Q
means ventricle
A
ventricul
15
Q
valve that controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
A
tricuspid valve
16
Q
valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
A
pulmonary semilunar valve
17
Q
valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
A
mitral valve, aka bicuspid valve
18
Q
valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
A
aortic semilunar valve
19
Q
receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae
A
right atrium
20
Q
pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs
A
right ventricle
21
Q
receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins, where blood then flows out through the mitral valve, to the left ventricle
A
left atrium
22
Q
receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium, then out the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta
A
left ventricle
23
Q
the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
A
pulmonary circulation
24
Q
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
A
pulmonary arteries
25
carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
26
includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
systemic circulation
27
located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes basic rhythm and rate of heart beat
sinoatrial node, aka SA node
28
located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum, and receives impulses from the SA node
atrioventricular node
29
a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum that receive impulses from the AV node, and carry them to ensure the sequence of heart contractions
bundle of His (HISS)
30
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles that relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, causing them to contract
Purkinje fibers
31
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
arteries
32
the largest blood vessel in the body and the main trunk of the arterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the heart
aorta
33
the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
carotid arteries
34
smaller, thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries
arterioles
35
form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
veins
36
the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
venules
37
the two largest veins in the body
venae cavae
38
the smallest blood vessels in the body, only one epithelial cell in thickness
capillaries
39
the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
pulse
40
the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
41
the highest pressure against the walls of an artery, which occurs when the ventricles contract
systolic pressure
42
the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery, which occurs when the ventricles are relaxed
diastolic pressure
43
the fluid tissue in the body
blood
44
a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
plasma
45
the clotting proteins found in plasma
fibrinogen and prothrombin
46
plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
serum
47
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow
erythrocytes, aka red blood cells
48
the iron-containing pigment of the erythrocytes
hemoglobin
49
the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
leukocytes, aka white blood cells
50
the most common type of WBC, formed in red bone marrow
neutrophils
51
the least common type of WBC, formed in red bone marrow
basophils
52
destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions, formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body
eosinophils
53
these identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them
lymphocytes
54
provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms through phagocytosis
monocytes
55
the smallest formed elements of the blood
thrombocytes, aka platelets
56
means clot
thromb/o
57
classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens
blood types
58
four major blood types
A, AB, B, O
59
refers to the presence, or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells
Rh factor
60
gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
blood gases
61
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart
cardiologist
62
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
hematologist
63
means blood
hemat, -emia
64
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
vascular surgeon
65
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
congenital heart defects
66
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary artery disease
67
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
68
a fatty deposit that is similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe, found within the lumen of an artery
plaque
69
a characteristic of atherosclerosis, and is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
atheroma
70
a group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart
ischemic heart disease
71
a condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow by to a part of the body
ischemia
72
means to hold back
isch
73
a condition of episodes of severe chestpain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angina
74
the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
myocardial infarction, aka heart attack
75
occurs most commonly in the elderly, and is a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives
heart failure, aka congestive heart failure
76
the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for the loss of its pumping ability
cardiomegaly
77
an inflammation of the heart
carditis
78
means heart
card/o
79
an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
endocarditis
80
means within
endo-
81
an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
bacterial endocarditis
82
an inflammation of the myocardium, possibly caused by a viral infection
myocarditis
83
an inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
pericarditis
84
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
85
an abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels, most often caused by defective heart valves
heart murmur
86
an inflammation of a heart valve
valvulitis
87
means valve
valvul
88
the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
valvular prolapse
89
means the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
prolapse
90
a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
valvular stenosis
91
an event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood
cardiac arrest
92
results if treatment is not provided within a few minutes of cardiac arrest
sudden cardiac death
93
describes an abnormality, or the loss of the normal rhythm, of the heartbeat
arrhythmia
94
an abnormally slow resting heart rate, less than 60 bpm
bradycardia
95
an abnormally rapid resting heart rate, greater than 100 bpm
tachycardia
96
a pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm
palpitation
97
occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
atrial fibrillation, aka A fib
98
means fast, uncontrolled heart beat
fibrillation
99
an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, aka PAT
100
the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
ventricular fibrillation, aka V fib
101
a very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia, aka V tach
102
the inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
angiitis
103
means vessel
angi/o
104
the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
angiostenosis
105
a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
hemangioma
106
a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
hypoperfusion
107
a form of angiitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
polyarteritis, aka polyarteritis nodosa
108
refers to disorders of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain
peripheral vascular disease
109
an example of a peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis
peripheral arterial occlusive disease, aka peripheral artery disease
110
a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
Raynaud's phenomenon
111
a localized weak spot, or balloon-like enlargement, of the wall of an artery
aneurysm
112
any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
arteriosclerosis
113
a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
chronic venous insufficiency, aka venous insufficiency
114
the inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
115
means vein
phleb
116
abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs
varicose veins
117
the abnormal condition of having a thrombus
thrombosis
118
means clot
thromb
119
a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
thrombus
120
the blocking of an artery by a thrombus
thrombotic occlusion
121
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
coronary thrombosis
122
means crown
coron
123
the condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein
deep vein thrombosis (DVT), aka deep venous thrombosis
124
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
embolism
125
means something inserted
embol
126
means condition
-ism
127
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood
embolus
128
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
blood dyscrasia
129
means a mixture or blending
-crasia
130
a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
hemochromatosis, aka iron overload disease
131
means color
chromat
132
describes any situation in which the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal
leukopenia
133
means deficiency
-penia
134
an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
polycythemia
135
a systemic condition caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via the circulating blood
septicemia, aka blood poisoning
136
a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
thrombocytopenia
137
an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
thrombocytosis
138
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
hemorrhage
139
a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match
transfusion reaction
140
a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
cholesteral
141
the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
hyperlipidemia, aka hyperlipemia
142
means fat
lipid
143
a group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
myelodysplastic syndrome, aka preleukemia
144
a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes
leukemia
145
a lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood
anemia
146
without or less than
an-
147
characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
aplastic anemia
148
means without
a-
149
means growth
plast
150
a condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of them by the spleen
hemolytic anemia
151
means to destroy
-lytic
152
the most common form of aneamia, where blood cannot carry oxygen effectively due to low amounts of iron
iron-deficiency anemia
153
a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
megaloblastic anemia
154
caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract
pernicious anemia
155
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
sickle cell anemia
156
an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
thalassemia
157
the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
hypertension, aka high blood pressure
158
lower than normal arterial blood pressure
hypotension
159
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
orthostatic hypotension, aka postural hypotension
160
a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
angiography
161
a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a fein or artery and then guided into the heart
cardiac catheterization
162
combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the images
digital subtraction angiography
163
a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through the vessels
duplex ultrasound
164
a radiographic test that provides an image of the leg veins after a contrast dye is injected into a vein in the patient's foot
phlebography, aka venography
165
measured in terms of milligrams per deciliter of blood
total cholesterol
166
referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of it contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)
167
referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)
168
combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities
triglycerides
169
the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiography
170
means electric
electr/o
171
a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiogram
172
a portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24-hour period
Holter monitor
173
performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress (on a treadmill)
stress test
174
performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise
thallium stress test
175
a medication administered to lower blood pressure
antihypertensive
176
blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension
ACE inhibitor
177
reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heart beat
beta-blocker
178
cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures
calcium channel blocker agents
179
administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
diuretic
180
a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
antiarrhythmic
181
slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
anticoagulant
182
may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by slightly reducing the ability of the blood to clot
aspirin
183
used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood
cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as statins
184
an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger
Coumadin, warfarin
185
strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues
digitalis, aka digoxin
186
dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up
thrombolytic, aka clot-busting drug
187
a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke
tissue plasminogen activator
188
causes blood vessels to narrow
vasoconstrictor
189
causes blood vessels to expand
vasodilator
190
a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart
nitroglycerin
191
a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), aka angioplasty or balloon angioplasty
192
a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened, providing support to the artery wall
stent
193
the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
restenosis
194
the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
atherectomy
195
the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
carotid endarterectomy
196
a surgery which requires opening the chest, implanting a piece of vein from the leg or chest on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart
coronary artery bypass graft, aka bypass surgery
197
an alternative technique for some bypass patients that is performed with the aid of a fiber optic camera through small openings between the ribs
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass, aka keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass
198
the use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm
defibrillation, aka carioversion
199
a defibrillator designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defib is required
automated external defibrillator (AED)
200
used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading to the heart to regulate rhythm
artificial pacemaker
201
a double-action pacemaker, regulating rhythm, and defibrillates if a dangerous disruption occurs
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
202
the surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve
valvoplasty, aka valvuloplasty
203
means valve
valv/o
204
an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
cardiopulmonary resuscitation, aka CPR
205
the surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmectomy
206
aneurysm
aneurysm/o
207
the surgical suturing of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy
208
the surgical removal of part of an artery
arteriectomy
209
to stop or control bleeding
hemostasis
210
means stopping or controlling
-stasis
211
the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood's cellular elements
plasmapheresis
