Med Term 3 Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
system that consists of the bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa.
A
skeletal system
2
Q
the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
A
periosteum
3
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means bone
A
oste
4
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the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
A
compact bone
5
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the lighter, and not as strong or compact bone, found in the ends and inner portions of long bones, housing red bone marrow
A
spongy bone
6
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cavity located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone.
A
medullary cavity
7
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pertaining to the inner section
A
medullary
8
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the tissue that lines the medullary cavity
A
endosteum
9
Q
hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and throbocytes
A
red bone marrow
10
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means pertaining to the formation of blood cells
A
hemopoietic
11
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pertaining to formation
A
-poietic
12
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functions as a fat storage area, composed chiefly of fat cells and located in the medullary cavity
A
yellow bone marrow
13
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the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.
A
cartilage
14
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covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
A
articular cartilage
15
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the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw
A
meniscus
16
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the shaft of a long bone
A
diaphysis
17
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the wide end of the long bone, covered with articular cartilage
A
epiphysis
18
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the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
A
proximal epiphysis
19
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end of the bone located farthest away from the midline
A
distal epiphysis
20
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an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
A
foramen (foramina, plu.)
21
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a normal projection of the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons
A
process
22
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the bony projection located on temporal bones just behind the ears
A
mastoid process
23
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the place of union between two or more bones
A
joints, or articulations
24
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hold the bones tightly together, consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue
A
fibrous joints, aka sutures
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flexible soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn
fontanelles, aka soft spots
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joints that allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
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the cartilaginous joint that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
pubic symphysis
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a joint created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions, consisting of several components
synovial joint
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to come together
articulate
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joints, such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
ball and socket joints
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joints such as the knees and elbows that are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
hinge joints
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the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
synovial capsule
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lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane
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flows within the synovial cavity and acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
synovial fluid
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bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another, or to cartilage
ligaments
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a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as the shoulder, elbo, knee, where a tendon passes over a bone
bursa (plu. bursae)
37
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
axial skeleton
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pertaining to an axis
axial
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makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
appendicular skeleton
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referring to an appendage
appendicular
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anything that is attached to a major part of the body
appendage
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shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
upper extremities
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hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet
lower extremities
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consists of the eight bones that form the cranium, 14 that form the face, and 6 in the inner ear
skull
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made up of 8 flat bones that enclose the brain
cranium
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means skull
crani
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forms the forehead
frontal bone
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two bones that form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
parietal bones
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forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium
occipital bone
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two bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
temporal bones
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forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit
sphenoid bone
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bony socket that surrounds and protects the eyeball
orbit
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forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium
ethmoid bone
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the six tiny bones of the middle ear
auditory ossicles
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the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear, located in the temporal bone on each side of the skull
external auditory meatus
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external opening of a canal
meatus
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two bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
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two bones that articulate with the frontal bone, also known as the cheekbones
zygomatic bones
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two bones that form most of the upper jaw
maxillary bones, aka maxillae (sin. maxilla)
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two bones that form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
palatine bones
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two bones that make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye
lacrimal bones
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two bones that are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
inferior conchae (sin. concha)
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bone that forms the base for the nasal septum
vomer bone
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the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
nasal septum
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the only movable bone of the skull, attached at the TMJ
mandible, aka jawbone
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joint where that mandible meets the rest of the skull
temporo-mandibular joint
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the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity, aka rib cage
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12 pair of bones that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
ribs, aka costals
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first seven pairs of ribs, attached anteriorly to the sternum
true ribs
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three pair of ribs attached anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum
false ribs
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last two pairs of ribs which are only attached posteriorly
floating ribs
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forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts
sternum, aka breastbone
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the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
manubrium
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the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
body of the sternum
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the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
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the shoulders, supporting the arms and hands
pectoral girdle, aka shoulder girdle
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means structure that encircles the body
girdle
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a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
clavicle, aka collar bone
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the shoulder blade
scapula (plu. scapulae)
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an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
acromion
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the bone of the upper arm
humerus (plu. humeri)
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the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm, running up the thumb side of the forearm
radius
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the larger and longer bone of the forearm, proximal end articulating with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint
ulna
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a large projection on the upper end of the ulna, forming the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
olecranon process, aka funny bone
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eight bones that form the wrist
carpals
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the five bones that form the palms of the hand
metacarpals
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the 14 bones of the fingers, distal, middle, and proximal
phalanges (sin. phalanx)
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supports the head and body, and protects the spinal cord
spinal column, aka vertebral column
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a single segment of the spinal column
vertebrae
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pertaining to the vertebrae
vertebral
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the solid anterior portion of the vertebrae
body of the vertebra
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the posterior portion of a vertebra
lamina (plu. laminae)
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the opening in the middle of the vertebra in which the spinal cord passes through
vertebral foramen
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the first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck
cervical vertebrae, aka C1-C7
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pertaining to the neck
cervical
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the second set of 12 vertebrae, forming the outward curve of the spine
thoracic vertebrae, aka T1-T12
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pertaining to the thoracic cavity
thoracic
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the third set of five vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine
lumbar vertebrae
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means relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
lumbar
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the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
sacrum
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forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together
coccyx
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these separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other, made of cartilage
intervertebral disks
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this protects the internal organs and supports the lower extremities
pelvic girdle, aka pelvis or hips
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broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
ilium
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the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
sacroiliac
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means sacrum
sacr/o
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means ilium
ili
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forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bearing the weight of the body when sitting
ischium
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forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder
pubis
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the fused ilium, ischium, and pubis, held securely together by the pubic symphysis
pubic bones
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the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
acetabulum, aka hip socket
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the upper leg bone, and largest bone in body
femur bone, aka thigh bone
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articulates with the acetabulum
head of femur
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the narrow area just below the head of the femur
femoral neck
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pertaining to the femur
femoral
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the complex joints that make possible movement between the upper and lower leg
knees
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the bony anterior portion of the knee
patella, aka kneecap
118
means referring to the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to the knee joint are located
popliteal
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these make possible the movements of the knee, shaped like a cross
cruciate ligaments, anterior and posterior
120
the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg
tibia
121
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
fibula
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the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle
malleolus
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these are made up of seven short tarsal bones, which form the joint between the lower leg and the foot
ankles
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the anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
talus
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the largest of the tarsal bones
calcaneus, aka heel bone
126
these five bones form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached
metatarsals
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the bones of the toes
phalanges
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specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
chiropractor
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involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones
manipulative treatment
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a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
orthopedic surgeon, aka orthopedist
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uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
osteopath, aka DO
132
means bone
oste/o
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means any bone disease, or medical practice of a DO
osteopathy
134
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
podiatrist
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means foot
pod
136
means specialist
-iatrist
137
the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
ankylosis
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means crooked, bent, or stiff
ankyl
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being capable of movement
mobility
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stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
arthrosclerosis
141
means joint
arthr/o
142
an inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
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means bursa
burs
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the abnormal softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
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means cartilage
chondr/o
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a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
chondroma
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an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
costochondritis
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blood within a joint
hemarthosis
149
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
synovitis
150
the total displacement of a bone from its joint
dislocation, aka luxation
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the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
subluxation
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an inflammatory condition of one or more joints
arthritis
153
an obsolete term for arthritis to describe any painful disorder of the joints
rheumatism
154
most commonly associated with aging
osteoarthritis, aka wear-and-tear arthritis
155
a disease characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints
degenerative joint disease
156
means the breaking down or impairment of a body part
degenerative
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a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
spondylosis, aka spinal osteoarthritis
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means vertebrae
spondyl
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a type of arthritis characterized by deposites of uric acid in the joints
gouty arthritis
160
a byproduct that is normally excreted by the kidneys
uric acid
161
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
rheumatoid arthritis, aka RA
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a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
ankylosing spondylitis
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the progressive stiffening of a joint or joints
ankylosing
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means inflammation of the vertebrae
spondylitis
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an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less. Symptoms include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
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the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
herniated disk, aka slipped or ruptured disk
167
pain of the lumbar region of the spine
lumbago, aka low back pain
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the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
spondylolisthesis
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means slipping
-listhesis
170
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spindal cord to protect it
spina bifida
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pertaining to the spine
spina
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means split
bifida
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an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
kyphosis, aka humpback or dowager's hump
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means hump
kyph
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an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis, aka swayback
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means bent backwards
lord
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an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
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means curved
scoli
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a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
craniostenosis
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a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue, leading to uneven growth, brittleness, deformity
fibrous dysplasia
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means pain in a bone
ostealgia, aka osteodynia
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an inflammation of bone
osteitis, or ostitis
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an abnormal softening of bones in adults
osteomalacia, aka adult rickets
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an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
osteomyelitis
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the death of bone tissue due to a lack of sufficient blood supply
osteonecrosis
186
a bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
Paget's disease, aka osteitis deformans
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an inflammation of the periosteum
periostitis
188
a deficiency disease occurring in children, characterized by defective bone growth, resulting from vitamin D deficiency
rickets, aka infantile osteomalacia
189
a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length
short stature, formerly dwarfism, little people
190
describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
talipes, aka clubfoot
191
a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
primary bone cancer
192
a tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib. ages 10-20
Ewing's sarcoma
193
describes tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs
secondary bone cancer
194
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow. can cause pathologic fractures and often fatal
myeloma
195
a benign bony projection covered with cartilage
osteochondroma,
196
something that is not life-threatening and does not recur
benign, or exostosis
197
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging
osteoporosis
198
means small opening
por
199
thinner than average bone density in a young person
osteopenia
200
means deficiency
-penia
201
occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
compression fracture, aka vertebral crush fracture
202
fracture occurring at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his hands
Colles' fracture, aka fractured wrist
203
fracture of the hip usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
osteoporotic hip fracture, aka broken hip
204
a broken bone
fracture
205
fracture in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
closed fracture, aka simple fracture or complete fracture
206
a fracture in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
open fracture, aka compound fracture
207
a fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
comminuted fracture
208
means crushed into small pieces
comminuted
209
a fracture in which the bone is bent and only partially broken
greenstick fracture, or incomplete fracture
210
a fracture that occurs at an angle across the bone
oblique fracture
211
fracture that occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
pathologic fracture
212
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
spiral fracture
213
a small fracture in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
stress fracture
214
a fracture that occurs straight across the bone
transverse fracture
215
forms when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
fat embolus
216
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
crepitation, aka crepitus
217
a bulging deposit around the area of the break formed as the bone heals
callus
218
the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
radiograph
219
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
arthroscopy
220
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete count test
bone marrow biopsy
221
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
222
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
bone density testing
223
a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
ultrasonic bone density testing
224
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
dual x-ray absorptiometry
225
used to treat certain types of cancers that affect bone marrow
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
226
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
allogenic bone marrow transplant
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the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining is destroyed.
autologous bone marrow transplant
228
means originating within an individual
autologous
229
a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
orthotic
230
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part
prosthesis (plu. prostheses)
231
the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
arthrodesis, aka surgical ankylosis
232
means surgical fixation
-desis
233
the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
artholysis
234
means loosing or setting free
-lysis
235
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
arthroscopic surgery
236
the surgical removal of a bursa
bursectomy
237
the surgical repair of damaged cartilage
chondroplasty
238
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
synovectomy
239
means synovial membrane
synov
240
means the surgical repair of a damaged joint, or the surgical placement of an artificial joint
arthroplasty
241
all of the parts of the knee were replaced
total knee replacement (TKR)
242
describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
partial knee replacement (PKR)
243
performed to restore a damaged hip to full function
total hip replacement (THR), aka total hip arthroplasty
244
an alternative to removing the head of the femur
bone-conserving hip resurfacing
245
the replacement of a worn or failed implant
revision surgery
246
performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk
percutaneous diskectomy
247
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
percutaneous vertebroplasty
248
the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra
laminectomy
249
means lamina
lamin
250
a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae
spinal fusion
251
the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniectomy
252
a surgical incision or opening into the skull
craniotomy
253
the surgical repair of the skull
cranioplasty
254
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
osteoclasis
255
means to break
-clasis
256
the surgical removal of bone
ostectomy
257
the surgical repair of a bone or bones
osteoplasty
258
the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
osteorrhaphy
259
a surgical incision or sectioning of a bone
osteotomy
260
an incision through the periosteum to the bone
periosteotomy
261
the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
closed reduction, aka manipulation
262
the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
immobilization
263
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
traction
264
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
external fixation
265
a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
internal fixation, aka open reduction internal fixation
