Med Term 13 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and have specialized function in regulating the activities of specific cells, organs, or both
A
hormones
2
Q
source: adrenal cortex, aids in regulating the levels of salt and water in the body.
A
Aldosterone (ALD)
3
Q
Source: Adrenal cortex and gonads, Influence sex-related characteristics
A
Androgens
4
Q
Source: pituitary gland, Stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
5
Q
Source: secreted by the hypothalamus, then stored and released from the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted
A
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
6
Q
Source: Thyroid gland, works with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
A
Calcitonin (CAL)
7
Q
Source: adrenal cortex, regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. Also has an anti-inflammatory action
A
Cortisol
8
Q
Source: Adrenal medulla, Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
A
Epinephrine (Epi, EPI)
9
Q
Source: ovaries, develops and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle
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Estrogen (E)
10
Q
Source: pituitary gland, in the female, stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova. In the male, stimulates the production of sperm
A
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
11
Q
Source: pancreatic islets (alpha cells), increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream
A
Glucagon (GCG)
12
Q
Source: pituitary gland, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
A
Growth hormone (GH)
13
Q
Source: placenta, stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy
A
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
14
Q
Source: Pancreatic islets (beta cells), regulates the transport of glucose to body cells and stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage
A
Insulin
15
Q
Source: pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation in the female. Stimulates the secretion of testosterone in the male
A
Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
16
Q
Source: pituitary gland, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk
A
Lactogenic hormone (LTH)
17
Q
Source: pituitary gland, in the female, stimulates ovulation. in the male, stimulates testosterone secretion
A
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
18
Q
Source: pituitary gland, increases the production of melanin in melanocytes of the skin
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
19
Q
Source: pineal gland, influences the sleep-wakefulness cycles
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Melatonin
20
Q
Source: adrenal medulla, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
A
Norepinephrine
21
Q
Source: pituitary gland, stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. It also causes milk to flow from the mammary glands after childbirth
A
Oxytocin (OXT)
22
Q
Source: Parathyroid glands, works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
A
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
23
Q
Source: ovaries, completes preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy
A
Progesterone
24
Q
Source: testicles, stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
A
Testosterone
25
Source: Thymus, plays an important role in the immune system
Thymosin
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Source: thyroid gland, regulate the rate of metabolism
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
27
Source: pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
28
any one of a large number of hormone-like substances secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produced as medications to relieve swelling and inflammation in conditions such as asthma
steroid
29
chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone, used illegally in athletes to increase strength and muscle mass
anabolic steroids
30
a hormone secreted by adipocytes, acts to control the balance of food intake and energy expenditure, as well as female reproduction, immune function, insulin...
Leptin
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secreted by specialized cells of the brain, able to affect cells throughout the body
neurohormones
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a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
endocrinologist
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means to secrete within
endocrin/o
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any disease caused by a disorder of the endocrine system
endocrinopathy
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means within
endo-
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means to secrete
crin/o
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a condition due to excessive secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland
hypercrinism
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a condition caused by deficient secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland
hypocrinism
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composed of anterior and posterior lobes, pea sized, hangs from the infundibulum below the hypothalamus, secretes hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands
pituitary gland
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means swift
oxy-
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means labor
-tocin
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abnormal enlargement of the extremities that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
acromegaly
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means extremities
acr/o
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abnormal overgrowth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty
gigantism, aka giantism
45
pathology resulting in the excessive secretion by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
hyperpituitarism
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means pituitary
pituitar/o
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a condition of reduced secretion due to the partial, or complete, loss of the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
hypopituitarism
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any disorder of pituitary function
pituitarism
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a slow-growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland. Functioning or nonfunctioning
pituitary adenoma, aka pituitary tumor
50
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin. Females causes infertility and changes in menstruation. Males, impotence
prolactinoma, aka prolactin-producing adenoma
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disease caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone. Causes excessive urination and excessive thirst
diabetes insipidus
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a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
human growth hormone, aka recombinant GH
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a very small endocrine gland that is located in the central portion of the brain
pineal gland
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a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin, can cause insomnia
pinealoma
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means pineal gland
pineal/o
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the surgical removal of the pineal gland
pinealectomy
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lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage, butterfly-shaped
thyroid gland
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an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, aka chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
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disease caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion. Causes fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and slow metabolism
hypothyroidism, aka underactive thyroid
60
means thyroid
thyroid/o
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a congenital form of hypothyroidism, causes arrested physical and mental development if treatment isn't started soon after birth
cretinism
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caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion. causes swelling, particularly around the eyes and cheeks, fatigue, and subnormal temperature
myxedema, aka adult hypothyroidism
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an imbalance of metabolism caused by the overproduction of thyroid hormones. causes high metabolism, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss
hyperthyroidism, aka thyrotoxicosis
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a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. may cause fever, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, and fatigue
thyroid storm
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characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos, and is an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease
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an abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland. produces a swelling in the front of the neck, usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone
goiter, aka thyromegaly
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means thyroid
thyr/o
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an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
exophthalmos
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a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
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measures thyroid function, and is a form of nuclear medicine
thyroid scan
71
a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
antithyroid drug
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the administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, used to treat chronic hyperthyroid disorders such as Graves' disease
chemical thyroidectomy, aka radioactive iodine therapy
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the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
lobectomy
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administered to replace lost thyroid function
synthetic thyroid hormones
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4 glands, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, each of which is about the size of a grain of rice
parathyroid glands
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the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone
hyperparathyroidism
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means parathyroid
parathyroid/o
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characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones, can lead to weakened bones or kidney stones
hypercalcemia
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means calcium
calc/o
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characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
hypocalcemia
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a complication of hyperparathyroidism in which bone becomes softened and deformed, and may develop cysts. can be caused by overproduction of parathyroid hormone or by parathyroid cancer
osteitis fibrosa
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caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone. causes hypocalcemia, and in severe cases, tetany
hypoparathyroidism
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means parathyroid
parathyroid/o
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the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism
parathyroidectomy
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gland located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity. posterior to the sternum and slightly superior to the heart
thymus
86
an inflammation of the thymus gland
thymitis
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means thymus
thym/o
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the surgical removal of the thymus gland
thymectomy
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a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems
pancreas
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those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
pancreatic islets
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the basic form of energy used by the body
glucose, aka blood sugar
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the form in which the liver stores the excess glucose
glycogen
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a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin
insulinoma
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means insulin
insulin/o
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pain in the pancreas
pancreatalgia
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means pancreas
pancreat/o
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an inflammation of the pancreas, can be caused by long term alcohol abuse
pancreatitis
98
the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
pancreatectomy
99
an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood, seen primarily in diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia
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excessive thirst
polydipsia
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means thirst
-dipsia
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excessive hunger
polyphagia
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excessive urination
polyuria
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the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream, can cause hypoglycemia
hyperinsulinism
105
an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood, causes nervousness, shakiness, confusion, perspiration, anxiety, weakness
hypoglycemia
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means sugar
glyc/o
107
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
diabetes mellitus
108
an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, causes polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, slow healing. treated with diet and exercise as well as insulin injections
type 1 diabetes
109
an insulin resistance disorder where the body does not use insulin effectively. treated by diet, exercise, and oral medication
type 2 diabetes
110
a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies, can disappear after delivery or eventually develop into type 2 diabetes
gestational diabetes
111
measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours, to screen for diabetes and to monitor treatment
fasting blood sugar test
112
performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia
oral glucose tolerance test
113
measures the current blood sugar level, performed by the patient
home blood glucose monitoring
114
measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks. more rapid test than the HbA1c
fructosamine test
115
a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months
Hemoglobin A1c testing, aka HbA1c
116
caused by very low blood sugar
insulin shock
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caused by very high blood sugar
diabetic coma
118
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball, can cause loss of vision
diabetic retinopathy
119
primarily controls electrolyte levels within the body, located with one on top of each kidney
adrenal glands, aka suprarenals
120
mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, that are normally found in the blood
electrolytes
121
the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
122
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone. characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss
Addison's disease
123
inflammation of the adrenal glands
adrenalitis
124
means adrenal glands
adrenal/o
125
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
aldosteronism
126
a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
Conn's syndrome
127
a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine
pheochromocytoma
128
means dusky
phe/o
129
caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. symptoms include a rounded or "moon face"
Cushing's syndrome
130
a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
131
the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the body, administered to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant
cortisone
132
a synthetic hormone used as a vasoconstrictor to treat conditions such as heart dysrhythmias and asthma attacks
epinephrine
133
gamete-producing glands, ovaries in the females and testicles in males
gonads
134
a reproductive cells, sperm in males, ova in female
gamete
135
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
gonadotropin
136
means gonad
gonad/o
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means to stimulate
-tropin
138
the condition of first being capable of reproducing sexually, marked by maturing of the genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, and first menstruation in female
puberty
139
means having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male
virile
140
the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
hypergonadism
141
the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
hypogonadism
142
the condition of excessive mammary development in the male
gynecomastia
143
means female
gynec/o
144
means breast
mast/o
