Module 13 - Urinary System Flashcards by Breanne Squire

Excretion of toxic, metabolic waste by filtering blood plasma
Regulates blood volume & pressure
Regulates electrolytes & pH levels

Main Fxn of the Kidneys

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Kidneys function to regulate _____ ______ & ________ by the amount of water pulled out of or into the blood

blood volume & concentration

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What do kidneys produce as a result of pulling water out of the bloodstream

Urine

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If our blood volume is too high, our kidneys will determine they need to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine

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If our blood volume is too low, our kidneys will determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine

less

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if our blood pressure is too high, our kidneys determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine

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if our blood pressure is too low, our kidneys determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine, so pressure doesn’t drop further.

less

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When kidneys filter blood plasma it also causes our kidneys to help eliminate …..

toxic materials, drugs, hormones from the body

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What contributes to maintaining pH levels

electrolytes & hydrogen ions

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electrolytes are substances that do what in water

separate into ions

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In terms of pH, the acidity of a fluid is determined by the quantity of ______ _____ that are freely suspended

hydrogen ions

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The kidneys are paired and posterior to the peritoneum this is aka …

retroperitoneal paired organ

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Fibrous Capsule of the Kidney: structure, function and location

covering of fat & collagenous fibers;
binds & protects
surrounds & contains organ

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Renal Cortex: location & feature

outer layer of the internal organ

contains nephrons

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Renal Columns

Deeper extension of the renal cortex

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Renal Medulla

Inner layer
triangular wedges (individually called renal pyramids; 6 total)

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Minor Calyx

funnel-like structure at tip of renal pyramid

Fxn to gather and collect urine

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Major Calyx

two or more minor calyx(s) merging forming a larger funnel

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Renal Pelvis: Structure & fxn

enlarged chamber fused from all calyces

- where urine formed in calyces pool to then exit the kidney via the ureter

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Renal Hilum

concave region where renal artery, vein & pelvis enter the kidney

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What is the only part of the kidney where we see tubes entering/exiting?

Renal Hilum

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Renal artery

brings blood to the kidney

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Blood being brought to the kidney via the ____ ____ will nourish the tissue as well as filtering ______ ______ & excess ______.

Renal artery;

metabolic wastes & excess electrolytes

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Renal Vein

where blood leaves the kidney

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Blood leaving the kidney via the ____ ____ has delivered _____ & ______

renal vein | oxygen & glucose

Nephron fxn

filters blood and produces urine

Nephron consists of two areas:

renal corpuscle & renal tubules

renal corpuscle location

start of the nephron located in the renal cortex

Name the 3 features within the renal corpuscle

Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus Glomerular Capsule

Afferent Arteriole

large blood vessel bringing blood to the nephron for filtration

Glomerulus

Nest-like network of capillaires

Capillaries of the glomerulus have small holes that allow some material in blood to leak out & exit the bloodstream. Anything that didn't leak out would go where?

flow out of the glomerulus into the efferent arteriole

Glomerular capsule: structure & fxn

collection of cells surrounding the glomerulus | contains the leaked material from the capillaries

Process where the material comes through the walls of the glomerular capillaries is called

filtration

The material that leaks through and is captured by the glomerular capsule is called

glomerular filtrate

Second region of the nephron is called

renal tubules

renal tubules: location & fxn

located in the both renal cortex & medulla | process glomerular filtrate & converts it to urine

proximal convoluted tubules: location & structure

First portion of the renal tubules; large, twisted/curved tube

proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) made of what tissue type

simple cuboidal epithelium & microvilli

proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) fxn

tubular reabsorption; where the body tries to reabsorb more material it may need

Nephron loop: location & features

second segment of renal tubules; | has a descending limb & an ascending limb

The U-turn of the Nephron loop (thin segment) dives deep into what region of the kidneys & is made of what tissue type

renal medulla; | simple squamous epithelium

The thick segment of the Nephron loop contains what features and is made up of what tissue type?

Descending & Ascending Limbs | Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple Cuboidal cells in the thick segment fxn in ______ transport and need a lot of __________ to produce ATP

Active; mitochondria

Simple squamous cells in the thin segment allow for movement of _____ & is ______ ______

water (through osmosis); highly permeable

Once the tube returns to the cortex and starts to twist again is the last segment of the nephron loop. The continuation is now called

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is made of what tissue

Cuboidal epithelium, but has no microvilli (like the PCT)

The DCT represent the end of the nephron as it approaches the last large tube called the..

Collecting duct

Glomerular filtration rate

amount of filtrate formed in one minute by both kidneys

Walls of the ureters are made up of three layers:

Mucosa - inner Muscularis - middle Adventitia - outer

Mucosa Layer of Ureter: Location; Tissue type - starting from where to where?

inner; made of transitional epithelium (stretches) beginning at the minor calyces through to the bladder

Muscularis Layer of Ureter: location, fxn, structure (how many layers)

middle; moves urine by peristaltic waves | made up of 2 layers of smooth muscle and becomes 3 layers when it reached the bladder

Adventitia Layer: Location; tissue type; fxn

outermost; made of connective tissue | binds to surrounding tissues

A valve found at the opening of the bladder keeps urine from backflowing into ureters is formed by a flap of

mucosa

Urinary bladder: structure & name the 3 layers (inside-out)

large muscular sac; Mucosa layer Muscle layer aka detrusor Connective tissue: Adventitia / Parietal peritoneum

Mucosa layer of the bladder is made up of

transitional epithelium & rugae

Muscle layer of the bladder is called what and composed of how many layers of _____ muscle

detrusor muscle | 3 layers of smooth muscle

Name the 2 segments of connective tissue that cover the bladder

Adventitia & Parietal Peritoneum

Adventitia CT portion of the bladder covers

majority of bladder

Parietal Peritoneum CT portion of the bladder covers

superior (curved) portion

Within the bladder there is a region called ______. It is triangular shaped and formed by the entrance of both ureters & exit to the urethra.

Trigone

What region is the most common site for UTIs

Trigone

The elimination of urine is also called

Micturition reflex

What are the four main steps of the Micturition reflex

1. Filling of bladder sends message to spinal cord 2. Spinal cord sends signal via parasympathetic fibers 3. Signal excites the detrusor muscle to contract 4. Signal stimulates internal urethral sphincter to relax

What area of our brain regulates the voluntary control of the elimination of urine

Pons

when the Pons stops regulating signals this causes what response?

external urethral sphincter to relax & urine to leave the body