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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chemistry

A

Study of smallest form of matter, Atoms & Molecules

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2
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space; everything with physical appearance

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3
Q

Define Atoms

A

smallest units of matter w/ unique properties

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4
Q

How many naturally-occurring varieties of atoms?

A

Approx.. 90 different atoms which we call elements

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5
Q

What are the most common elements in the human body? (C-CHINS-POP)

A

Carbon -

Calcium, Hydrogen, Iron, Nitrogen, Sodium -Phosphorus, Oxygen, Potassium

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6
Q

Name the subatomic particles of an atom

A

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

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7
Q

Protons (location; charge; atomic mass)

A

Found in the nucleus; Positive charge; Atomic mass of 1

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8
Q

Neutrons (location; charge; atomic mass)

A

Found in nucleus; No charge; atomic mass of 1

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9
Q

Electrons (location; charge; atomic mass)

A

Found orbiting nucleus; Negative charge; No significant mass

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10
Q

Number of Protons in the nucleus of a atom is refer to as..

A

Atomic Number

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11
Q

Formula for calculating Atomic Mass

A

Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass

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12
Q

Element is Boron: If the atomic mass is 11, and the # of protons is 5, how many neutrons are there?

A

6 (A.M - Protons = Neutrons)

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13
Q

Describe Energy Levels: how many levels & how many electrons allowed in each

A

There are up to 7 levels; 1st level allows for 2 electrons; and levels 2-7 allows for 8 electrons; the electrons on outermost energy level are valence electrons

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14
Q

Why do electrons of an atom orbit the nucleus?

A

with a negative charge, they orbit the nucleus due to their attraction to positively charged protons

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15
Q

Valence Electrons

A

found on outermost energy level of an atom; where atoms interact with each other sharing electrons

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16
Q

When is an Atom considered neutral?

A

No electrical charge; when an atom has an equal # of protons and elections

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17
Q

If the atomic number is 7, and the atom is neutral what is the number of protons and electrons in this atom?

A

7 ; neutral atoms have equal #s of P & E

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18
Q

When is an Atom considered to be stable?

A

when an atom has a full outermost energy level; they will choose to be stable over neutral and will take valence electrons from other atoms to do so.

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19
Q

Anion

A

When an atom gains a electron to become stable, it becomes negatively charged

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20
Q

Cation

A

when losing negative electrons to become stable, it becomes positively charged

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21
Q

Molecule

A

any combination of two or more atoms bonded

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22
Q

Ionic Bond: Description & strength of bond

A

Electrons have been transferred from two atoms, making them stable, as a result one becomes (-) and the other becomes (+) causing them to have an attraction to each other; This force is moderately weak

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23
Q

Covalent Bond

A

force that keeps atoms closes enough to allow them to continue to share electrons; strongest bond

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24
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

very weak; due to unequal sharing force between partially (+) and partially (-) atoms

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25
Solute
any substance that is placed into a liquid to be mixed; can be gases, liquids, solids
26
Solvent
liquid in which the solute is being placed
27
Solution
mixed combination of solute and solvent; need to be translucent & no evidence of settling
28
Example of Solution
Salt water, an electrolyte which separates into sodium and chloride ions
29
Electrolyte: Define and Describe Fxn
molecule that breaks up into individual ions when placed in water; helps generate electrical signals
30
5 most common electrolytes (S.P.Ca.M,.Ch)
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride
31
Two type of electrolytes
Acids & Bases
32
Acids: Define and describe rxn with water
electrolytes that release H ions when placed in water aka "Hydrogen Donors"; Increases amount of free H ions in fluid Ex/ Hydrochloric acid
33
Base: Define and describe Rxn with water
electrolytes that accept H ions when placed in water; decreases amount of H ions in fluid
34
pH Scale: 1. describe 2. what is it measuring? 3. What does an increase of H ions mean for the PH level?
1. levels of acidity or alkalinity (basic) 0-14, - 0-7 acidic; 7-14 Basic; w/ 7 being considered neutral 2. measuring amount of free H ions present; 3. the more H ions present the lower the pH is
35
Organic Molecules
significant # of carbon atoms within molecules
36
How do Inorganic Molecules differ from Organic molecules?
have no carbon
37
5 key organic molcules | P.C.L.N.A
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP
38
Carbohydrates
known as Sugar & starches; | primarily used for energy
39
Basic structure of Carbohydrates
6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, 6 oxygens
40
3 types (category) of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
41
Monosaccharides: Structure and name 3 most common
single ring, simplest form; Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
42
Glucose
Monosaccharide; used most commonly for energy aka blood sugar.
43
Galactose
Monosaccharide; differs from glucose just by location of one OH group. not as easily used in our bodies but can be easily converted to Glucose
44
Fructose
Monosaccharide; sugar found in fruit and honey, converted to glucose
45
Disaccharides: composition, fxn & three common types
two monosaccharides bonded; used for energy; Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
46
Sucrose
Disaccharide; cane sugar
47
Lactose
Disaccharide; milk sugar
48
Maltose
Disaccharide; present in grains
49
Polysaccharides: composition & three common types (C.S.G)
long chains of monosaccharides; Cellulose, Starches, Glycogen
50
Cellulose
Polysaccharide; sugars used by plants for structure/support. we do not have enzymes to digest so we consume as dietary fiber
51
Starches
Polysaccharide; used by plants to storage sugar
52
Glycogen: classification, structure, fxn, location
1. Polysaccharide; 2. long chains of glucose molecules 3. used by animals to store excess glucose for energy 4. found in liver and muscles
53
Lipids: Form (elements), Structure, characteristic
contain more C & H than O; occur in linear chains or 4 rings; hydrophobic
54
4 Types of Lipids
Fatty Acids, Triglycerides; Phospholipids, Steroids
55
Fatty Acids: Classification, Structure, fxn
Lipid; linear chains (COOH); used for energy or to assemble more complex lipids
56
Saturated Fatty Acids
every available bond along carbon chain is with a hydrogen atom
57
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
if at least two of the carbon atoms have potential to bond to more hydrogen atoms but do not; instead they are forming double bonds with each other
58
Triglycerides: Composition & Fxn
Composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule; stores fatty acids provide protection from temp. fluctuations and trauma.
59
Phospholipids: Structure & Fxn
two fatty acids attached to a phosphate molecule; creates a hydrophobic end (fatty acid "tail") and a hydrophilic end (phosphate "head") - aka amphiphilic; constructs membranes in and around cells
60
Steroids: Classification, Structure & Example
Lipid; four rings of carbon, bonded; | Ex/ cholesterol
61
Cholesterol
Steroid; stabilizes the plasma membrane
62
Proteins: Describe & list key elements
large molecules containing at lease 50 amino acids; consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
63
Amino Acids
smallest protein-related molecule; used for communication
64
How many amino acids are needed to make all the proteins in our bodies? And how many of those are considered essential?
20 ; 9 are considered essential meaning we need to obtain them in our diet. the rest can be produced in our bodies
65
How are Amino Acids bonded?
by a peptide; aka peptide bond
66
Peptide
of amino acids bonded together; used as hormones or can be bonded with more Amino Acids to make them proteins.
67
name 4 examples of Amino Acids from our PPT slides
Methionine; Cysteine; Tyrosine; Arginine
68
Keratin
Protein; provides toughness to skin cells
69
Collagen
provides toughness and flexibility throughout body; most abundant protein
70
Protein Receptors
found on surface of cells; receives specific molecules and trigger cell to respond
71
Membrane Transport
Protein; Such as channels, gates, and pumps that control how molecules enter & exit cells
72
Catalysis
help speed up reactions
73
Enzymes
Proteins; they speed up reactions (catalysis)
74
Antibodies
Protein; helps with protection by circulating in the blood & attaching to foreign materials
75
Actin & Myosin
Protein; play a role in generation of movement within muscles.
76
Main roles of proteins (S.P.C.T.R.R.C)
``` Structure protection communication transportation rate of rxns recognition cell adhesion ```
77
Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)
78
DNA
long chain molecule contains information along its length Needed for amino acids to make proteins
79
RNA
help interpret info from DNA molecule
80
What is the primary molecule used by the body to store energy released by the breakdown of carbohydrates
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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