Module 9: CNS & Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Name the two systems that maintain homeostasis & how

Answer 1

Nervous by nerve impulses & Endocrine by hormones

Question 2

Describe the path of a neural signal during muscle movement

Answer 2

• sensory neurons detect a stimulus
• sends info to CNS
• interneurons determines movement & sends response to motor neuron
• motor neuron sends message muscle to move

Question 3

Name the two branches of the nervous system

Answer 3

Peripheral & Central nervous system

Question 4

CNS includes what?

Answer 4

brain & spinal cord

Question 5

Peripheral Nervous System: name function & contains

Answer 5

governs rest of body; contains Cranial & Spinal Nerves

Question 6

Sensory Nervous System

Answer 6

of the PNS; carries sensation to CNS (brain & spinal cord)

Question 7

Motor Nervous System

Answer 7

of the PNS; carries information from the brain & spinal cord to the rest of the body

Question 8

Name two subdivisions of the PNS

Answer 8

Sensory NS & Motor NS

Question 9

Name the subdivisions of the Motor Nervous System

Answer 9

Somatic & Visceral divisions

Question 10

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 10

carries info to skeletal muscles; controls voluntary movements

Question 11

Visceral Nervous System

Answer 11

aka Autonomic NS; Autonomous - carries info to smooth muscle (cardiac muscle & glands)

Question 12

Autonomous as refers to heart

Answer 12

heart is beating but you do not control beating of heart

Question 13

Name subdivisions of Visceral Nervous System

Answer 13

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous system

Question 14

Sympathetic NS

Answer 14

works during stress producing “flight or flight” response

Question 15

Parasympathetic NS

Answer 15

maintains regular fxn of body, regulating resting & digesting fxns

Question 16

Function of the Spinal Cord

Answer 16

Conduction, Locomotion, Reflexes

Question 17

Spinal cord contains bundles of nerve fibers called what?

Answer 17

Tracts

Question 18

Function of Tracts

Answer 18

carry information up or down the cord (aka conduction)

Question 19

Locomotion

Answer 19

groups of neurons that control output to the flexor & extensor muscles that allow alternating movements of limbs

Question 20

Reflexes

Answer 20

regulating automatic involuntary responses for posture, movement & protection

Question 21

Spinal cord is divided into four regions, name them

Answer 21

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

Question 22

The cervical enlargement contains what?

Answer 22

contains start of nerve branches that go to upper limbs (arms); C5-C7

Question 23

The Lumbar enlargement contains what?

Answer 23

start of nerve branches that go to lower limbs (pelvis & legs); L1-L2

Question 24

Cauda Equina - describe

Answer 24

horse tail-like; bundle of spinal nerves that arise from medullary cone & innervates the lower limbs

Question 25

Cauda Equina - contains..

Answer 25

lumbar nerves 2-5, all sacral nerves & coccygeal nerves

Question 26

How many pairs of spinal nerves in the spinal cord

Answer 26

31 pairs

Question 27

Describe structure of spinal cord: start to end

Answer 27

- continuous with brain stem - housed within vertebral foramina - starts at opening at foramen magnum in occipital bone - ends at tapered region near first lumbar vertebra called medullary cone

Question 28

Meninges

Answer 28

- Surround spinal cord - protective fibrous coverings of brain & spinal cord. - Consists of three layers: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Question 29

Dura Mater

Answer 29

outer layer, contains collagen & provides physical protection for brain & spinal cord

Question 30

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 30

- middle layer - consists of loosely organized collagen & elastin fibers. - contains subarachnoid space

Question 31

Subarachnoid Space

Answer 31

- gaps between the arachnoid mater & pia mater | - space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 32

Pia Mater

Answer 32

Inner layer, delicate & contains highly vascular membrane that directly contacts surface of CNS

Question 33

Name the two types of spinal cord nervous tissue

Answer 33

White & Grey Matter

Question 34

Gray Matter

Answer 34

- forms H butterfly shape and is central tissue of spinal cord consists of unmyelinated tissue - contains synapses of spinal cord (such as somas, dendrites & distal ends of axons) - surrounds central canal

Question 35

Central Canal

Answer 35

hollow tube that runs the length of spinal cord & contains CSF

Question 36

White Matter

Answer 36

- outer tissue of spinal cord, consists of myelinated bundles called tracts

Question 37

Tracts

Answer 37

Ascending & Descending; carry sensory & motor information

Question 38

Ascending Tracts

Answer 38

carry sensory information from peripheral tissues to brain

Question 39

Descending Tracts

Answer 39

carry motor information from the brain down to effectors such as muscles or glands

Question 40

Spinal Nerves

Answer 40

- bundles of myelinated axons | - containing sensory & motor axons

Question 41

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by two roots, name them...

Answer 41

Anterior Root (contains motor axons) & Posterior Root (contains sensory axons)

Question 42

Posterior root has an area outside of the CNS where there are clusters of Somas called....

Answer 42

Posterior Root Ganglion

Question 43

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, name them

Answer 43

``` 8 Cervical (C1-C8) 12 Thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 5 Sacral (S1-S5) 1 Coccygeal ```

Question 44

Brain contains 4 internal chambers called...

Answer 44

Ventricles

Question 45

Ventricles

Answer 45

Major site of CSF Production

Question 46

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - Description & location

Answer 46

- clear fluid that is derived from plasma | - found in ventricles, central canal, subarachnoid space of meninges

Question 47

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - Functions

Answer 47

- buoyancy so brain can stay suspended - protects brain from bumping into skull - provides chemical stability by removing wastes from CNS

Question 48

Name four main regions of brain is divided into

Answer 48

Brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

Question 49

Brain Stem

Answer 49

- lowest portion of brain, continuous with spinal cord | - contains Mid-Brain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata