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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 3: Cytology > Flashcards

Module 3: Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Shape: Squamous

A

Thin, flat scaly. Bulge where nucleus is, like a fried egg; found in esophagus & epidermis

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2
Q

Cell Shape: Cuboidal

A

Squarish, and sometime ball-shaped; equal length & height; found in liver cells

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3
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells; cells are 1st level to display life

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

fluid between nucleus and surface membrane; made up of cytosol & organelles.

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5
Q

Cytosol: aka; composed of; location; examples

A

aka intracellular fluid;
primarily water;
surrounds cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions.
ex/ blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules, providing internal support

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7
Q

Organelles

A

structures that perform various metabolic tasks and cellular funtions

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane: describe, composition and function

A

aka cell membrane; made up of proteins and lipids;
surrounds the cell providing shape, protection,
communicates with cells, and is semipermeable

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9
Q

What can freely pass through plasma membrane?

A

hydrophobic and small, uncharged polar molecules

such as water, oxygen, CO2, vitamins and steroids’

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10
Q

What cannot freely pass through plasma membrane

A

hydrophilic, large charged molecules ie. proteins, ions, glucose
these molecules need help of channels or carrier proteins to get into cell.

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11
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer: describe properties

A

Semi-permeable & Amphipathic - with a hydrophilic phosphate heads facing cellular fluid, and hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing the center avoiding water

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12
Q

Membrane Lipids include: P.C.G

A

phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, glycolipids

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13
Q

Cholesterol

A

found between phospholipids providing some rigidity, they stiffen the membrane making it less fluid

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14
Q

Glycolipids:
Structure
Location

A

Made of phospholipids & carbohydrate

found on extracellular surface of membrane

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15
Q

______ ______ enable ions and large polar particles to pass into _______ _____ or all the way through. They drift freely in phospholipid film and are exposed where?

A

Integral Proteins
phospholipid bilayer
exposed on inside & outside of cell

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16
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

exposed to just the ECF & ICF

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17
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

aka integral proteins

within the membrane exposed on inside & outside of cell

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18
Q

Receptors: fxn

A

communication for neurotransmitters and hormones

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19
Q

Second Messenger System

A

binds to a surface receptor

relays signals from outside to inside of cell

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

breakdown chemical messengers and nutrients

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21
Q

Channel Protein

A

Transmembrane; passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through membrane;
two type - Leak channels & Gated Channels

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22
Q

Leak Channels

A

always open & allow materials to pass through

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23
Q

Gated Channels open & close responding to 3 types of stimuli/gates

A

Ligand gated, voltage gated and mechanically gated channels

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24
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

A

respond to chemical messengers

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25
Voltage Gated channels
respond to changes in electrical potential
26
Mechanically gated channels
respond to changes to physical stress on cell, like stretch and pressure
27
Carriers
Transmembrane; Shuttle large molecules, like glucose and electrolytes through membrane. Some carriers called pumps consume ATP in the process
28
Cell-identity Markers
Glycoproteins (sugars and Amino Acids) that identifies cells as "self", which cells belong and which are invaders.
29
Glycocalyx
fuzzy coating of carbohydrates. | fxn in protection, immunity to infections, cell adhesion
30
Cell-adhesion molecules
(CAMs) physically connect adjacent cells through membrane proteins
31
Surface extensions: 3 types & describe role
includes microvilli, Cilia, and Flagella; aid in absorption, movement, sensory processing
32
Microvilli
extension of plasma membrane that increase surface area; fxn in absorption of nutrients role in hearing and taste
33
Microvilli Example
epithelial cells of intestine and kidneys
34
Cilia
hair-like processes; role in smell and vision; some don't move & have sensory fxns (inner ear sense of balance -non-motile) others move and help propel fluid (pump mucus- motile)
35
Flagella
whip-like tail of sperm propelling them
36
_____ _______ allows for some nutrients and wastes through but prevents _____ & ______ from entering or leaving cells
Selective Permeability | proteins and phosphates
37
Passive Transport: describe properties and methods (FFSO)
requires no ATP; movement occurs by filtration, simple diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion and osmosis
38
Active Transport
Requires ATP; moves substances through a protein from low concentration to high concentration.
39
Carrier-mediated Transport
use transmembrane protein to transport substances through membrane; exhibits specificity for its ligands (ex/ glucose carrier cannot transport fructose)
40
Cell Shape: Columnar
Tall & Thin; found in lining of stomach and intestines
41
Phospholipids
Amphiphilic; do not attach to each other, but move independently next to each other; allows membrane to be fluid & flexible
42
Filtration
transport that uses hydrostatic pressure to move particles across membrane; ex/ coffee filters, blood capillaries
43
Simple Diffusion
movement of particles down a concentration gradient from areas of high to low.
44
Osmosis
diffusion of water; moves water down concertation gradient; ex/ diarrhea, hypertension, edema
45
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive; requires transport proteins; moves down concentration gradient through a membrane protein; No ATP required (ex/glucose cannot pass through un aided)
46
Vesicular Transport
used to move large molecules across membrane contained in vesicles; requires ATP
47
Endocytosis
moves substances into cells
48
Exocytosis
moves substances out of cells
49
Nucleus
Control center; holds DNA
50
Nuclear Envelope
Surrounds Nucleus in a bi-layer membrane
51
Nucleolus
Found within the Nucleus; produces ribosomes
52
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
cells consisting of channels called cisternae; Two type are Smooth ER & Rough ER; synthesizes steroids' and lipids
53
Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum
continuous with nuclear envelope; contains ribosomes fxn in protein synthesis
54
Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum
continuous with Rough ER; no ribosomes; detoxifies the cytoplasm
55
Ribosomes
produced by nucleolus; Found in Rough ER, Nucleolus, Cytosol & Mitochondria; read genetic material & role in protein synthesis
56
Golgi Complex
made of flat sacs called cisternae; synthesizes & packages peptide, protein and carbs.
57
Golgi Vesicles
finished proteins from the Golgi complex are packaged in these vesicles and are transported within the cytoplasm
58
Lysosomes
specialized Golgi vesicles; contain digestive enzymes, travel around cell, break down organelles and particles
59
What type of organelle do WBCs use to breakdown bacteria inside the cell?
Lysosomes
60
What type of organelle do liver cells use to release stored glucose into the blood?
Lysosomes
61
Peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes produced in smooth ER rather than Golgi complex; detoxify cells by producing hydrogen peroxide;
62
Mitochonria
oval organelles composed of folds called Cristae; synthesizes ATP; referred to as "power house" of the cell
63
Centrioles
paired organelles that are arranged perpendicular to one another; contains numerous microtubules aiding in cell division
64
Microtubules
proteins responsible of moving and arranging components in cytosol to insure cell divides equally
65
Factors that effect rate of Simple Diffusion
``` Temp. Molecular weight Concentration gradient (greater the difference the faster it will diffuse) surface area permeability ```
66
When endothelial cells release insulin to tissues, sperm cells release enzymes for penetrating an egg; This is an example of what process?
Exocytosis

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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