Module 3 AI cards Flashcards
What is cancer?
A disease caused by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer can arise in any tissue and can spread to other parts of the body.
Define chromosome.
Thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell containing genetic information in the form of genes.
Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.
What is cytology?
The study of the structure and function of cells.
Cytology is important for understanding various diseases and conditions.
What is cytoplasm?
The cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
Cytoplasm contains organelles and is essential for cellular processes.
What is a gene?
Single unit of genetic information.
Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Define genetics.
The study of how characteristics are transmitted from one generation to the next.
Genetics is fundamental to understanding heredity and variations in organisms.
What is histology?
The study of the structure and function of tissues.
Histology is essential for diagnosing diseases.
What is hyperplasia?
Enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in cells.
Hyperplasia can occur in response to various stimuli, including hormonal changes.
Define neoplasm.
A new and abnormal growth of cells or tissues.
Neoplasms can be benign or malignant.
What is the nucleus?
Control center of the cell containing genetic information within its chromosomes.
The nucleus regulates gene expression and mediates the replication of DNA.
What is the plasma/cell membrane?
Outer, flexible boundary of cells.
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to enter or exit the cell.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the site of protein and fat production.
endoplasmic reticulum
What are mitochondria known as?
The powerhouses of the cell.
Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Destruction of bacteria, viruses, toxins, and injured or nonuseful tissue.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
Packs proteins and fats and ships them to other parts of the cell.
The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids before they are sent to their destination.
What is the cell cycle?
A series of changes that a cell goes through from its formation until it reproduces by dividing into two daughter cells.
The cell cycle includes interphase and the mitotic phase.
Define interphase.
The phase where cells grow and duplicate their genetic material before division.
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
What is mitosis?
Splitting of the nucleus into two nuclei.
Mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
What are labile cells?
Cells that continuously divide to replace lost or aged cells.
Examples include skin cells and blood cells.
What defines stable cells?
Cells that can divide to replace damaged cells.
Examples include liver and kidney cells.
What are permanent cells?
Cells that do not normally undergo cell division.
Examples include cardiac muscle cells and neurons.
What is a genome?
The complete set of genetic information of an individual.
The human genome consists of approximately 20,000-25,000 genes.
How many chromosomes do human cells contain?
46 chromosomes overall, arranged into 23 pairs.
These include 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
Fill in the blank: Females have a pair of ________ chromosomes.
X
