Module 8 AI cards Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
A
The brain and spinal cord
The CNS is the integration and command center of the nervous system.
2
Q
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A
Conveys messages to or from the CNS
The PNS is made up of cranial and spinal nerves.
3
Q
What are neurons or nerve cells?
A
Excitable cells that generate, receive, and transmit electrical signals.
4
Q
What are the four regions of the brain?
A
Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.
5
Q
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
A
Maintaining balance.
6
Q
What does the diencephalon control?
A
Emotional response and autonomic functions such as blood pressure and sleep-wake cycle.
7
Q
What is the function of the brain stem?
A
Controls automatic behavior needed for survival.
8
Q
Define the term ‘myelin sheath’.
A
A segmented protein-lipoid sheath around axons formed by glial cells.
9
Q
What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A
Protects the CNS from mechanical stress and nourishes the brain.
10
Q
How are nerve cells classified?
A
According to their structure or function.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ nervous system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
A
autonomic
12
Q
What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?
A
- Gather information via sensory receptors
- Analyze gathered information
- Activate effector organs
13
Q
What are the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
A
- Sensory (afferent) division
- Motor (efferent) division
14
Q
What type of neurons transmit impulses toward the CNS?
A
Sensory (Afferent) neurons.
15
Q
What is the role of the association (connecting) neurons?
A
Link sensory and motor neurons.
16
Q
What are the two types of processes given off by the cell body of a neuron?
A
- Dendrites
- Axon
17
Q
What do dendrites resemble?
A
Tree branches.
18
Q
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
A
Excite or inhibit other cells.
19
Q
What is the outer layer of the cerebral cortex primarily made of?
A
Gray matter.
20
Q
True or False: The brain has three layers of protection.
A
True.
21
Q
What is the blood-brain barrier?
A
A selective barrier that maintains a stable environment for the brain.
22
Q
What is the term for the folds on the surface of the brain?
A
Gyri.
23
Q
What structure in the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as judgment and reasoning?
A
Prefrontal cortex.
24
Q
What is the function of the motor areas in the cerebral cortex?
A
Enable precise, skilled, and voluntary movements.
25
What does the 'sympathetic division' of the autonomic nervous system do?
Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
26
What is the primary role of glial cells?
Support and protect neurons.
27
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the main part of the CNS located inside the cranial cavity.
brain
28
What is the role of the motor speech area?
Involved in planning movements that depend on sensory feedback
## Footnote
Also known as Broca's area, primarily located in the left hemisphere
29
What constitutes the diencephalon?
Three paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
## Footnote
The diencephalon is the youngest part of the brain outside the cerebrum
30
What is the function of the thalamus?
Gateway to the cerebral cortex; sorts, edits, and relays information
## Footnote
Important for learning and memory
31
What does the hypothalamus regulate?
Emotional responses and autonomic control for blood pressure, body temperature, and water balance
## Footnote
It also produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
32
What hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
Melatonin
## Footnote
Helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle
33
What functions does the brain stem control?
Automatic behaviors necessary for survival, such as cardiovascular and respiratory functions
## Footnote
Controls vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
34
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Maintaining balance and coordinating muscle contractions
## Footnote
Involved in subconscious timing and complex movements
35
Define sleep.
A state of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation
## Footnote
Includes NREM and REM sleep
36
What are the two basic types of sleep?
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
## Footnote
NREM is important for organ recovery; REM is crucial for learning
37
What is the typical sleep pattern?
Alternates between REM and NREM sleep
## Footnote
Involves 5-6 cycles per night with varying durations of NREM and REM
38
What is the difference between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?
STM holds information for 30-60 seconds; LTM has limitless capacity
## Footnote
STM is temporary; LTM can store information for a lifetime
39
What factors influence the transfer from STM to LTM?
Emotional state, rehearsal, and association with already learned information
## Footnote
Best transfer occurs when motivated or surprised
40
What are the two categories of memory?
Declarative memory and nondeclarative memory
## Footnote
Declarative includes factual knowledge; nondeclarative involves procedural and emotional memory
41
What is the role of the spinal cord?
Contains reflex centers and provides two-way communication to and from the brain
## Footnote
Regulates motor functions such as walking and balance
42
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
All structures outside the central nervous system
## Footnote
Includes sensory receptors and nerves
43
What are cranial nerves?
Twelve pairs of nerves identified by Roman numerals and names
## Footnote
Most are mixed in function; only the first two pairs are purely sensory
44
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
Innervates the diaphragm
## Footnote
Part of the cervical plexus, crucial for breathing
45
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Parasympathetic division and sympathetic division
## Footnote
Parasympathetic promotes rest; sympathetic mobilizes the body during stress
46
What effects does the sympathetic system have on the heart?
Increases heart rate
## Footnote
Also increases respiratory rates and inhibits digestion
47
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
Carries 90% of all parasympathetic fibers to abdominal organs
## Footnote
Plays a key role in regulating autonomic functions
48
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the main center for control of the ANS in the CNS.
hypothalamus
49
True or False: Peripheral nerves can recover from damage as long as the cell body is intact.
True
50
What is the primary function of glycogen stores?
Release of glucose into the blood
## Footnote
Glycogen is a form of stored glucose that can be converted back to glucose when needed.
51
What physiological changes occur during the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Decreased heart rate, increased saliva production, bladder wall contracted, sphincter open
## Footnote
These changes are part of the 'rest and digest' response.
52
What is the definition of a neurologist?
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system
## Footnote
The term combines 'neur(o)-' for nervous system and '-ologist' for specialist.
53
What is a common symptom of tension headaches?
Pain in the forehead or neck area
## Footnote
Tension headaches are often caused by dehydration, exhaustion, or muscle tension.
54
What distinguishes migraines from tension headaches?
Migraines are much more severe and may require hospitalization
## Footnote
Some patients may experience warning auras before a migraine attack.
55
What is neuralgia?
Pain in the area supplied by a nerve
## Footnote
It can result from inflammatory processes or pressure damage.
56
What causes sciatica?
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve
## Footnote
Pain may radiate from the lower back to the thigh, leg, and foot.
57
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninges
## Footnote
It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
58
What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?
An autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and destruction of the myelin sheath
## Footnote
This disrupts electrical signals in the nervous system.
59
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also known as?
Lou Gehrig’s disease
## Footnote
It involves weakness and atrophy of muscles due to death of motor neurons.
60
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Slowing of movement, tremors, pill-rolling, shuffling gait
## Footnote
Symptoms worsen as the disease progresses.
61
What does the term dementia refer to?
A progressive decline in mental capacities
## Footnote
It often includes memory loss and personality changes.
62
What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
The medical term for stroke
## Footnote
Strokes can be ischemic (blockage) or hemorrhagic (rupture).
63
True or False: Epilepsies are marked by sudden, recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance.
True
## Footnote
Seizures can be triggered by various factors including high fever or brain injuries.
64
What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Characterized by chronic anxiety with exaggerated worry and tension
## Footnote
Physical symptoms include muscle tension and sleep disturbance.
65
Fill in the blank: _______ is characterized by recurrent, unwanted obsessions and/or compulsions.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
## Footnote
Compulsive behaviors provide temporary relief from anxiety.
66
What is a panic disorder characterized by?
Unexpected and repeated episodes of panic attacks
## Footnote
Panic attacks involve intense emotions and physical symptoms like shortness of breath.
67
What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A condition that may develop after experiencing intense fear or horror
## Footnote
Symptoms include reliving the event and persistent anxiety.
68
What is the primary characteristic of autism?
A group of disorders affecting communication and social interaction
## Footnote
Autism spectrum disorders vary widely in severity and symptoms.
69
What is the persistent irrational fear of a specific object or situation called?
Phobia
## Footnote
Examples include arachnophobia (fear of spiders) and agoraphobia (fear of situations that may provoke panic attacks).
70
What disorder is characterized by a failure to develop normal social relationships in children?
Autistic disorders
## Footnote
These disorders often involve underdeveloped communication skills and compulsively repetitive routines.
71
What is Asperger’s syndrome classified as?
A subgroup of autistic disorders with normal or above average mental capacities
## Footnote
Patients struggle with social situations and nonverbal communication.
72
What is Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) characterized by?
A short attention span and impulsive behavior
## Footnote
If hyperactivity is present, it is referred to as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
73
What is dyslexia?
A learning disability due to an inability to process symbols correctly
## Footnote
It primarily affects reading and is also known as developmental reading disorder.
74
What are mood disorders?
Mental disorders characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person's mood
## Footnote
They can interfere with everyday life, resulting in disability.
75
What characterizes major depressive disorder?
Prolonged and persistent periods of extreme sadness
## Footnote
It may lead to feelings of worthlessness and thoughts of suicide.
76
What is bipolar disorder also known as?
Manic depression or bipolar affective disorder
## Footnote
It involves cycles of severe mood changes between extreme sadness and extreme happiness.
77
What does Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) relate to?
Depression most often associated with a lack of daylight
## Footnote
Common in areas with limited sunlight during winter months.
78
What are personality disorders characterized by?
Chronic patterns of inner experience and behavior causing serious problems in relationships and work
## Footnote
They often lead to considerable personal stress.
79
What defines psychotic disorders?
A loss of contact with reality and a breakdown of normal social functioning
## Footnote
Symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations.
80
What is schizophrenia?
A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, withdrawal from reality, and illogical thinking
## Footnote
It significantly impairs social functioning.
81
How are neurologic disorders diagnosed?
Based on clinical signs and symptoms
## Footnote
Imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and myelography are commonly used.
82
What does electroencephalography (EEG) record?
The electric activity of the brain
## Footnote
It helps diagnose conditions like epilepsy and tumors.
83
What is a lumbar puncture also known as?
Spinal tap
## Footnote
It is used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples.
84
What is neurorrhaphy?
The suturing together of damaged nerves
## Footnote
It is a surgical treatment for nerve injuries.
85
What are hypnotics used for?
To depress the central nervous system and induce sleep
## Footnote
They are often prescribed for sleep disorders.
86
What do anxiolytics do?
Relieve anxiety and reduce tension
## Footnote
They are also known as tranquilizers.
87
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
To gain insight into conflicts from childhood that cause mental disorders
## Footnote
It is based on the assumption that unresolved conflicts lead to these disorders.
88
What does behavioral therapy focus on?
Changing the behavior of patients
## Footnote
The aim is to replace problem behaviors with appropriate ones.
89
What is the focus of cognitive therapy?
Changing thoughts that affect emotions and actions
## Footnote
The goal is to alter problematic thoughts or beliefs.
90
What does cognitive-behavioral therapy combine?
Techniques from both behavioral and cognitive therapy
## Footnote
It aims to address both behavior and thought patterns.
91
What is hypnotherapy?
A therapy using hypnosis to suggest changes in behavior and thought
## Footnote
It places patients in a suggestive state to facilitate therapeutic outcomes.
