Module 7 AI cards Flashcards
1
Q
What is muscle tissue?
A
The only tissue of the human body that can convert chemical energy to mechanical energy
Muscle tissue is responsible for generating power and facilitating movement.
2
Q
Define excitability in muscle tissue.
A
The ability of muscle tissue to receive nerve stimuli and respond to them by contracting.
3
Q
What is contractility?
A
The ability of muscle tissue to shorten when stimulated.
4
Q
What does extensibility refer to?
A
The ability of muscle tissue to be stretched.
5
Q
Define elasticity in muscle tissue.
A
The ability of muscle tissue to recoil to resting length.
6
Q
What is abduction?
A
Movement away from the midline.
7
Q
What is adduction?
A
Movement toward the midline.
8
Q
What does flexion mean in terms of joint movement?
A
Decreasing the angle of a joint.
9
Q
What is extension in joint movement?
A
Increasing the angle of a joint.
10
Q
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
A
Rapidly progressive muscular dystrophy that affects mostly young boys (3-5 years).
11
Q
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
A
Muscle weakness and atrophy caused by death of nerve cells. Progresses fairly quickly.
12
Q
What does the combining form ‘ab-‘ mean?
A
Move away (from).
13
Q
What does ‘ad-‘ refer to in muscle terminology?
A
Move toward.
14
Q
What is myalgia?
A
Pain in a muscle.
15
Q
Define electromyography.
A
Recording of the electrical activity of muscles.
16
Q
What are the main functions of muscles?
A
- Moving bones and fluids
- Maintaining posture and body position
- Stabilizing joints
- Generating heat
17
Q
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
A
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
18
Q
Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
A
Skeletal muscle.
19
Q
What are the four special characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
A
- Excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
20
Q
What is the epimysium?
A
The outermost sheath that wraps around the whole muscle.
21
Q
What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?
A
Isotonic contractions involve visible shortening of the muscle, while isometric contractions do not.
22
Q
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
A
- Concentric contractions
- Eccentric contractions
23
Q
What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
A
They are necessary for muscle contraction to occur.
24
Q
What is muscle tone?
A
A constant, slightly contracted state of skeletal muscles.
25
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency used for muscle contraction.
26
What is glycolysis?
A process where glucose is broken down to produce ATP without oxygen.
27
What is aerobic respiration?
The process of generating ATP using oxygen, occurring in the mitochondria.
28
What is the overload principle?
To increase muscle size, it must be pushed beyond the limit of its maximum load.
29
What are fast glycolytic fibers?
Muscle fibers that contract quickly but fatigue rapidly due to lactic acid buildup.
30
What are slow oxidative fibers?
Muscle fibers that generate ATP using oxygen and contract slowly.
31
What factors influence muscle classification?
* Speed of contraction
* Metabolic pathway used for energy production
32
What are the common ways muscles are named?
* Main function
* Structures to which they attach
* Location
* Direction of fibers
* Size
* Shape
* Number of parts
33
What is the difference between gliding and angular movements?
Gliding movements involve one flat bone surface sliding over another, while angular movements change the angle between connected bones.
34
What is the term for the upward movement of the foot?
Dorsiflexion
## Footnote
Dorsiflexion is the upward movement of the foot at the ankle joint.
35
What is the term for the downward movement of the foot?
Plantar flexion
## Footnote
Plantar flexion refers to the movement that points the toes downward.
36
Define abduction in terms of body movement.
Movement away from the midline
## Footnote
Abduction is the motion that moves a limb away from the center of the body.
37
What is the opposite of abduction?
Adduction
## Footnote
Adduction is the movement toward the midline of the body.
38
What does flexion do to the angle of a joint?
Decreases the angle of the joint
## Footnote
Flexion typically involves bending a joint, reducing the angle between the bones.
39
What is hyperextension?
Excessive extension beyond the normal range of motion
## Footnote
Hyperextension can lead to injury if the joint is extended too far.
40
What is the role of prime movers or agonists in muscle function?
Provide most of the force for a specific movement
## Footnote
For example, the biceps brachii is a prime mover for elbow flexion.
41
What do antagonists do in muscle movement?
Oppose or reverse a particular movement
## Footnote
The triceps brachii acts as an antagonist to the biceps brachii during elbow flexion.
42
What is the function of synergists?
Add force to a movement or reduce undesirable movement
## Footnote
The brachioradialis supports the biceps brachii in flexing the elbow.
43
What is the role of fixators in muscle action?
Immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin
## Footnote
Fixators stabilize the position of bones during movement.
44
What is dorsiflexion?
Upward movement of the foot
## Footnote
Dorsiflexion involves lifting the foot towards the shin.
45
What are the major muscle groups of the head responsible for?
Facial expression, chewing, and swallowing
## Footnote
Muscles like the frontalis and masseter are involved in these functions.
46
Which muscle is the prime mover for flexion of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
## Footnote
This muscle also helps rotate the head to the opposite side.
47
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
Assist in respiration
## Footnote
The diaphragm plays a crucial role in inhalation by separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
48
What are the four paired muscles of the abdominal wall responsible for?
Protecting organs, flexing, and rotating the trunk
## Footnote
These muscles also help increase abdominal pressure during actions like coughing.
49
What is the action of the rectus abdominis?
Flexes the trunk
## Footnote
The rectus abdominis is often referred to as the 'six-pack' muscle.
50
What do the pelvic floor muscles do?
Support pelvic organs and control the release of urine and feces
## Footnote
Muscles like the external urethral sphincter are involved in these functions.
51
What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?
Reinforce the shoulder joint and assist in arm rotation
## Footnote
These muscles include supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
52
Which muscles are the prime movers for extension of the thigh?
Hamstring muscles and gluteus maximus
## Footnote
The gluteus maximus is particularly important for powerful extensions.
53
What is the main extensor of the knee?
Quadriceps femoris
## Footnote
The quadriceps group includes four muscles and is crucial for knee extension.
54
What causes muscle weakness and atrophy?
Disruption of nerve signals
## Footnote
Muscle cells require nerve signals to remain strong and healthy.
55
What is the most common genetic disorder affecting the muscular system?
Muscular dystrophies
## Footnote
These disorders often result from inherited issues related to the nervous system.
56
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
A rapidly progressive disorder that typically affects boys aged 3-5
## Footnote
Patients often lose the ability to walk by age 12 and may die from respiratory failure in their late teens.
57
What is myotonic dystrophy characterized by?
Muscle contractions that will not cease
## Footnote
This condition leads to difficulty in relaxing muscles after contractions.
58
What is the primary cause of weakness and atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
Death of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord
## Footnote
ALS is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease.
59
At what age do symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy typically become apparent?
Between the ages of 3-5 years
60
What is a significant difference between Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne is more severe and leads to early death; Becker is less severe with longer life expectancy
61
What is myotonia?
Muscle contractions that will not cease
62
How does polymyositis affect the body?
It is an autoimmune disease affecting many muscles simultaneously
63
What is the main risk associated with muscles that have not been warmed up properly?
Strain or sprain
64
What is the typical recovery time for an Achilles tendon rupture?
About 9 months
65
What is rhabdomyolysis?
Breakdown of muscle cells caused by overheating
66
What can happen when muscle protein clogs tiny arteries in the kidneys?
Kidney failure or death
67
What is myasthenia gravis (MG)?
An autoimmune disorder that interferes with nerve-to-muscle signal transfer
68
What are common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)?
Pain, burning, pins-and-needles, and weakness in the thumb, index finger, and middle finger
69
True or False: Most patients with Guillan-Barré syndrome (GBS) make a complete recovery.
True
70
Fill in the blank: The muscles in myasthenia gravis work well after rest but ______.
fatigue easily
71
What type of injury is caused by continuous overload of tendons and muscles?
Repetitive stress (or motion) disorder
72
What is the common treatment for polymyositis?
Corticosteroids and medications that suppress the immune system
73
Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, particularly after periods of activity?
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
74
What is the effect of acute muscle trauma on skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle heals well due to a superb blood supply
75
What is the most common muscle strain?
Pulled hamstring
76
What is the hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
Rapid progression leading to death within a few years
77
What leads to respiratory failure in myasthenia gravis patients?
Dysfunction of the diaphragm
78
What triggers Guillan-Barré syndrome?
An immune reaction after viral infections
79
What is the primary consequence of muscle damage due to overuse?
Inflammation and pain
80
Fill in the blank: Most inflammatory diseases of muscle tissue are ______ disorders.
autoimmune
81
What is the typical prognosis for patients with Becker muscular dystrophy?
They can live into their forties or longer
