Module 9 AI cards Flashcards
Chapter and vocab content
1
Q
What are the receptor organs for the sense of sight called?
A
Eyes
Eyes are the receptor organs responsible for vision.
2
Q
What is the function of the iris?
A
Controls the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil.
3
Q
What does the lens do?
A
Helps focus light on the retina.
4
Q
What is the retina responsible for?
A
Has sensors (photoreceptors) that convert light into electric signals.
5
Q
What does the optic nerve do?
A
Carries electric signals from the retina to the brain.
6
Q
What are the receptor organs for the sense of hearing and balance called?
A
Ears.
7
Q
What are taste buds responsible for?
A
Receptor organs for the sense of taste (gustation).
8
Q
What is the olfactory epithelium?
A
Specialized tissue at the roof of the nasal cavity with receptors for the sense of smell (olfaction).
9
Q
What combining form is associated with hearing?
A
acoust(o)-.
10
Q
What does the combining form ‘aud-‘ refer to?
A
Hearing; ear.
11
Q
What is the meaning of the term ‘blephar(o)-‘?
A
Eyelid.
12
Q
What condition is referred to as blepharoptosis?
A
Drooping of the eyelid.
13
Q
What does ‘cochlear’ relate to?
A
Relating to the cochlea.
14
Q
What is conjunctivitis?
A
Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
15
Q
What is the function of the cornea?
A
Allows light to enter the eye.
16
Q
What is dacryorrhea?
A
Excessive flow of tears.
17
Q
What does the term ‘gustatory’ refer to?
A
Relating to the sense of taste.
18
Q
What is iritis?
A
Inflammation of the iris.
19
Q
What condition is referred to as keratitis?
A
Inflammation of the cornea.
20
Q
What does ‘lacrimal’ relate to?
A
Relating to tears or the secretion of tears.
21
Q
What is myringotomy?
A
Incision into the tympanic membrane.
22
Q
What is an ophthalmologist?
A
Specialist for the study and treatment of disorders of the eye.
23
Q
What does ‘olfactory’ refer to?
A
Relating to the sense of smell.
24
Q
What is the role of the optic axis?
A
Runs through the center of the macula lutea.
25
What are otoliths?
Tiny crystals inside the ear.
26
What is phacoemulsification?
Use of ultrasound to break up the lens.
27
What is retinopexy?
Treatment to reattach the retina.
28
What is scleritis?
Inflammation of the sclera.
29
What is tympanoplasty?
Reconstruction of the tympanic membrane.
30
What does vestibular relate to?
Relating to the vestibule.
31
What is vitreous humor?
Jelly-type liquid in the posterior segment of the eye.
32
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
Respond to changes in their environment by generating an electric signal.
33
What type of receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch?
Mechanoreceptors.
34
What do thermoreceptors respond to?
Changes in temperature.
35
What are photoreceptors sensitive to?
Light energy.
36
What do chemoreceptors respond to?
Chemicals, such as those for smell and taste.
37
What are nociceptors responsible for?
Responding to pain-causing stimuli.
38
Where do most sensory fibers terminate?
In the diencephalon, brain stem, or cerebellum.
39
What is the function of association areas in the brain?
Integrate diverse information and allow us to give meaning to it.
40
What allows us to perform precise, skilled, voluntary movements?
Motor areas.
41
What percentage of sensory receptors are located in the eye?
70%.
42
What are the five accessory structures of the eye?
* Eyebrows
* Eyelids
* Conjunctiva
* Lacrimal apparatus
* Extrinsic eye muscles.
43
What is the sclera?
The outermost layer of the eyeball, protecting and shaping it.
44
What is the function of the cornea?
Allows light to enter the eye and has a high density of pain receptors.
45
What does the uvea consist of?
* Choroid
* Ciliary body
* Iris.
46
What is the function of the ciliary body?
Regulates the tension of the ciliary zonule that holds the lens.
47
What is the function of the retina?
Contains photoreceptors that react to light energy.
48
What fluid fills the anterior segment of the eye?
Aqueous humor.
49
What is the vitreous humor?
A jelly-like substance that supports the retina.
50
What is the lens's primary role?
Helps focus light on the retina.
51
What types of photoreceptors are found in the retina?
* Rods
* Cones.
52
What is the function of rods?
More numerous at the peripheral region of the retina.
53
What do cones primarily respond to?
Different wavelengths of the visible spectrum.
54
What is the normal vision measurement for a healthy eye?
20/20 vision.
55
What adjustments must the eye make for close vision?
The ciliary muscles contract, allowing the lens to become more rounded.
56
What is the condition when an image is upside down and reversed right to left as perceived by the eye?
This phenomenon is due to the lens of the eye
57
What is the distance beyond which a normal eye can see without adjustments?
20 feet
58
What adjustments does the eye make for close vision?
* Ciliary muscles relax
* Pupil constricts
* Eyes rotate inward
59
What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?
* Rods
* Cones
60
Where are rods primarily located in the retina?
Outer region
61
What is the function of rods?
Operate in low light conditions for night and peripheral vision
62
What type of vision do cones provide?
High-acuity color vision
63
Where are cones concentrated in the retina?
Center of the retina, highest density in the fovea centralis
64
What are the three types of cones based on color absorption?
* Blue
* Green
* Red
65
What is depth perception based on?
Both eyes viewing the same image from slightly different angles
66
What are the senses of smell and taste classified as?
Chemical senses
67
What type of receptors are used for smell?
Chemoreceptors
68
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
In a small area at the roof of the nose
69
What do the olfactory glands secrete?
Fluid to help dissolve odorants
70
What are the three kinds of papillae that carry taste buds?
* Fungiform
* Foliate
* Vallate (circumvallate)
71
What are the five basic taste sensations?
* Sweet
* Sour
* Salty
* Bitter
* Umami
72
What cranial nerves carry taste signals to the brain?
* Facial nerve
* Glossopharyngeal nerve
* Vagus nerve
73
What part of the ear is involved in both hearing and balance?
Inner ear
74
What are the three parts of the ear?
* Outer ear
* Middle ear
* Inner ear
75
What is the function of the tympanic membrane?
Vibrates in response to sound and transfers sound energy to the middle ear bones
76
What are the three ossicles in the middle ear?
* Malleus (hammer)
* Incus (anvil)
* Stapes (stirrup)
77
What is the function of the cochlea?
Houses the receptors for sound
78
What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?
Informs the brain of the position of the head and movement
79
What is the difference between air conduction and bone conduction?
Air conduction is sound transmitted through air; bone conduction is sound transmitted through skull bones
80
What is static balance?
Balance maintained by signals depending on head position
81
What is dynamic balance?
Balance maintained by movement of the head affecting fluid in semicircular canals
82
What is the role of the vestibular apparatus in balance?
Works with visual and somatic signals to maintain equilibrium
83
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of the conjunctiva, often caused by pathogens or allergies
84
What is trachoma?
A type of conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that can lead to blindness
85
What is blepharoptosis?
Drooping of the eyelid due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle
86
What is a chalazion?
Localized swelling on the inside of the eyelid caused by an enlarged sebaceous gland
87
What is a hordeolum?
Localized swelling on the inside of the eyelid caused by an inflamed sebaceous gland
88
What is a hordeolum?
Also known as a stye, it is a localized swelling on the inside of the eyelid caused by an inflamed, pus-filled sebaceous gland.
89
What is dacryocystitis?
Inflammation of the nasolacrimal duct, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
90
What causes subconjunctival hemorrhage?
Bleeding into the space between conjunctiva and sclera, often caused by increased pressure or injury.
91
Define myopia.
A condition where the eyeball is too long, causing the focal point to be in front of the retina, resulting in nearsightedness.
92
What is hyperopia?
A condition where the focal point is behind the retina because the eyeball is too short, leading to farsightedness.
93
What is astigmatism?
A condition caused by unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens.
94
What is presbyopia?
A decline in lens elasticity after age 50, leading to a loss of accommodation and the need for reading glasses.
95
What is strabismus?
A condition where the two eyes point in different directions, leading to difficulty in generating a sharp three-dimensional image.
96
What are the two main forms of strabismus?
* Esotropia (inward turning) * Exotropia (outward turning)
97
What is night blindness?
An acquired condition caused by a lack of rhodopsin due to a deficiency in vitamin A.
98
What is color blindness?
A congenital condition where individuals are unable to perceive certain colors, most commonly red-green.
99
Define blindness.
An inability to see, regardless of the underlying cause.
100
What is keratitis?
Inflammation of the cornea that can be caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
101
What is iritis?
Inflammation of the iris, also known as anterior uveitis.
102
What is anisocoria?
A condition in which the pupils are not the same size.
103
What is a cataract?
Clouding of the lens that interferes with the passage of light, potentially leading to blindness.
104
What are floaters?
Particles that float inside the vitreous body, often found in older patients.
105
What is retinitis pigmentosa?
A progressive, degenerative disorder of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision.
106
What is retinal detachment?
Occurs when parts of the retina detach from the underlying choroid, impairing vision.
107
What is glaucoma?
A group of diseases caused by increased intraocular pressure, leading to damage of the retina and optic nerve.
108
What is macular degeneration?
Gradually progressive degeneration of the macula leading to loss of central vision.
109
What is anosmia?
A loss of the sense of smell, sometimes referred to as smell blindness.
110
What is taste blindness?
An inability to taste certain substances, which can lead to ageusia.
111
What is otalgia?
Pain in the outer ear.
112
What is otitis media?
An infection of the middle ear, commonly found in young children.
113
What are ear tubes?
Tiny cylinders placed through the tympanic membrane to allow flow into the middle ear.
114
What is barotrauma?
Pain and discomfort caused by pressure differences between the middle ear and outer ear.
115
Define otosclerosis.
A condition where the joints between the middle ear ossicles become stiff, leading to hearing loss.
116
What is vertigo?
A sensation of dizziness and loss of balance, often accompanied by nausea.
117
What is labyrinthitis?
Inflammation of the inner ear that can lead to vertigo and tinnitus.
118
What is tinnitus?
Ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears, often associated with hearing loss.
119
What is Ménière’s disease?
A chronic condition characterized by sudden loss of fluid in the inner ear, leading to vertigo and hearing loss.
120
What is presbycusis?
Age-related hearing loss, a form of sensorineural deafness.
121
What does an otoscope do?
Allows for direct visual examination of the tympanic membrane.
122
What are the two main focuses of hearing tests?
Measuring hearing acuity (audiometry) and the ability to hear and understand speech (audiological evaluation)
## Footnote
Audiometry assesses the threshold of hearing, while audiological evaluation determines speech recognition capabilities.
123
What scale was developed to measure the loudness of sound?
The decibel scale
## Footnote
The decibel scale quantifies sound intensity, allowing for comparison of different sound levels.
124
At what decibel level does normal conversation typically occur?
35-40 dB
## Footnote
This range is considered comfortable for verbal communication in everyday settings.
125
What is the decibel range for busy city traffic?
60-70 dB
## Footnote
This level is indicative of urban environments where noise pollution is common.
126
What decibel levels do power boats and chainsaws typically reach?
100 dB
## Footnote
These levels are significantly above normal conversation and can pose risks to hearing.
127
What decibel level can firearms and personal music devices reach?
Up to 160 dB
## Footnote
Exposure to such high decibel levels can cause immediate pain and potential hearing damage.
128
What type of hearing loss is primarily caused by long-term exposure to moderately high sound levels?
Sensorineural deafness
## Footnote
This type of hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, often due to chronic exposure to noise.
129
Fill in the blank: Most of the time, it is long-term exposure to moderately high sound levels (______ dB) that cause sensorineural deafness.
60-80 dB
## Footnote
Continuous exposure in this range can lead to irreversible hearing loss over time.
