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MR Specialist Cert > Module 6 AI cards > Flashcards

Module 6 AI cards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of bones?

A

Form the skeleton, protect internal organs, store minerals, and offer a site for blood formation.

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2
Q

What is the combining form for bone?

A

Oss(e)-, oss(i)-, oste(o)-, ost(o)-

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3
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

Forms most blood cells.

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4
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Protects the ends of bones and creates smooth surfaces for joints.

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5
Q

What is the combining form for cartilage?

A

Chondr(o)-

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6
Q

What do joints do?

A

Connect bones and give the skeleton mobility.

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7
Q

What is the combining form for joints?

A

Arthr(o)-

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8
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Connect bones and stabilize joints.

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9
Q

What is the combining form for ligaments?

A

Desm(o)-

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10
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Connect muscles to bones or other structures.

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11
Q

What is the combining form for tendons?

A

Tend(o)-

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12
Q

What are bursae?

A

Sack-like cushions that reduce friction around joints.

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13
Q

What is the combining form for bursae?

A

Burs(o)-

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14
Q

What does ankyl(o)- refer to?

A

Stiffness; bent, crooked.

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15
Q

What does arthr(o)- refer to?

A

Joint.

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16
Q

What does brachi(o)- refer to?

A

(Upper) Arm.

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17
Q

What does calcane(o)- refer to?

A

Heel or heel bone (calcaneus).

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18
Q

What does cervic(o)- refer to?

A

Neck.

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19
Q

What does myel(o)- refer to?

A

Bone marrow.

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20
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Forms the long axis of the body.

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21
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

The bones of the upper and lower limbs.

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22
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Protection of the brain, spinal cord, and internal organs.
  • Support for the body and soft organs.
  • Levers for muscle action and movement.
  • Storage of minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus.
  • Blood cell formation in red bone marrow.
  • Fat storage in yellow bone marrow.
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23
Q

What are the types of bones based on their shape?

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
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24
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A
  • Shaft or diaphysis
  • Epiphyses
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • Medullary cavity
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
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25
What is the number of bones in the axial skeleton?
80 bones.
26
What are the major regions of the axial skeleton?
* Skull * Vertebral column * Thoracic (rib) cage
27
What bones make up the cranial cavity?
* Frontal bone * Parietal bones * Occipital bone * Temporal bones * Sphenoid bone * Ethmoid bone
28
What is the only movable joint in the skull?
The temporomandibular joint.
29
What is the hyoid bone?
The only bone in the body not connected directly to another bone.
30
What are the components of the vertebral column?
* Cervical vertebrae (7) * Thoracic vertebrae (12) * Lumbar vertebrae (5) * Sacrum * Coccyx
31
What is the function of the vertebral column?
Distributes the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs and surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
32
What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull and enhance resonance of the voice.
33
What is the vertebral arch composed of?
Pedicles and laminae
34
What do intervertebral foramina allow to exit the spinal cord?
Spinal nerves
35
How many processes does each vertebra have?
Seven processes
36
What is the smallest vertebrae in the human body?
Cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7)
37
Which cervical vertebra is known as the atlas?
C1
38
What unique feature does the second cervical vertebra (C2) have?
A tooth-like projection (dens axis)
39
What is the significance of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7)?
It has a long spinous process and is called vertebra prominens
40
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
Twelve (T1-T12)
41
Which vertebrae are the largest in the human body?
Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
42
What evolutionary change occurred in the pelvic region?
Five vertebrae fused to form the sacrum
43
What does the coccyx consist of?
Three fused vertebrae
44
What connects the vertebrae of the spine?
Strong ligaments
45
What are intervertebral discs composed of?
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
46
What can a herniation of the nucleus pulposus cause?
Pressure on spinal nerves or the spinal cord
47
What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?
Protect vital organs and support the shoulder girdle
48
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
49
How are true ribs defined?
Attach directly to the sternum via individual costal cartilages
50
What distinguishes false ribs from true ribs?
False ribs do not connect directly to the sternum
51
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicles and scapulae
52
How many bones are in the upper limb?
30 bones
53
What is the largest bone of the upper limb?
Humerus
54
Which bone in the forearm is on the lateral side?
Radius
55
What is the anatomical term for the thumb?
Pollex
56
What are the three regions of the lower limb?
Thigh, leg, foot
57
What is the largest bone in the body?
Femur
58
What is the function of the patella?
Embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
59
What are the two bones of the leg?
Tibia and fibula
60
What is the strongest tarsal bone?
Calcaneus
61
How many arches does the foot contain?
Three arches
62
What is the classification of joints based on movement?
Immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
63
What type of joint is most common in the body?
Synovial joints
64
What is the role of synovial fluid?
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
65
What are the three types of ligaments stabilizing joints?
Capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
66
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball-and-socket joint
67
Which ligaments reinforce the shoulder joint?
Coracohumeral ligament and glenohumeral ligaments
68
What is the elbow joint primarily formed by?
Humerus, radius, and ulna
69
What muscles are involved in the shoulder joint?
Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor ## Footnote These muscles are crucial for shoulder movement and stability.
70
What three bones form the elbow joint?
Humerus, radius, ulna ## Footnote The elbow joint is primarily a hinge joint.
71
What type of joint is the elbow joint classified as?
Hinge joint ## Footnote Specifically, it is formed mainly by the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus.
72
What ligaments reinforce the elbow joint?
Ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament ## Footnote These ligaments restrict side-to-side movement.
73
What is the hip joint also known as?
Coxal joint ## Footnote It is a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint.
74
What features contribute to the stability of the hip joint?
Deep acetabulum, acetabular labrum, iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament ## Footnote These structures help prevent dislocation.
75
What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?
Knee joint ## Footnote It consists of three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity.
76
What type of joint is the knee joint classified as?
Modified hinge joint ## Footnote It allows for flexion, extension, and a small degree of rotation.
77
What are the two types of joints that make up the knee joint?
Femoropatellar joint, tibiofemoral joint ## Footnote The femoropatellar joint is a plane joint.
78
What are the two types of collateral ligaments in the knee joint?
Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, tibial (medial) collateral ligament ## Footnote The MCL is often involved in injuries that also affect the medial meniscus.
79
What are the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) ## Footnote They cross each other's path and play crucial roles in joint stability.
80
What is the primary function of the ACL?
Prevents forward sliding of the tibia against the femur ## Footnote It also prevents hyperextension of the knee.
81
What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
The only freely movable joint in the skull ## Footnote It connects the mandible with the temporal bone.
82
What movements are allowed by the TMJ?
Hinge joint movement, gliding joint movement ## Footnote It allows for chewing and side-to-side grinding.
83
What is osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of bone tissue due to infection ## Footnote It can be caused by hematogenous spread or secondary infection.
84
What is osteoporosis?
Loss of bone mass leading to increased fracture risk ## Footnote It is often associated with aging and hormonal changes.
85
What are the major risk factors for developing osteoporosis?
* Lack of estrogen (post-menopause) * Vitamin D deficiency * Lack of calcium * Petite body form * Immobility ## Footnote These factors can accelerate bone loss.
86
What is the term for bone softening caused by a lack of calcium?
Osteomalacia ## Footnote In children, this condition is referred to as rickets.
87
What is Paget's disease?
A bone disorder characterized by thickening and deformity of bones ## Footnote It affects about 2% of the population, usually those over 40.
88
What are the four classifications of fractures?
* Complete vs. incomplete * Linear vs. transverse * Displaced vs. nondisplaced * Open (compound) vs. closed ## Footnote Each classification helps determine treatment options.
89
What is a greenstick fracture?
A fracture that resembles a broken green branch of a tree ## Footnote This type of fracture is common in children due to their softer bones.
90
What is the first stage of fracture healing?
Formation of a hematoma ## Footnote This stage is characterized by swelling, pain, and discoloration.
91
What is the difference between acute and chronic joint inflammation?
Acute is often due to infections; chronic includes conditions like osteoarthritis ## Footnote Chronic conditions are more common in older adults.
92
What are the common types of chronic joint inflammation?
* Osteoarthritis * Gout * Rheumatoid arthritis ## Footnote These conditions can lead to significant disability.
93
What are the most widespread crippling diseases in the United States?
Chronic forms such as osteoarthritis, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis ## Footnote Acute infections are mostly caused by bacteria and treated with antibiotics.
94
How many types of joint inflammations exist?
More than 100 types ## Footnote Chronic inflammations are more common in older patients, while children are more prone to joint infections.
95
What are typical signs of acute inflammation?
* Swelling * Redness * Heat * Pain ## Footnote Most of the time, there is also a loss of function due to the swelling and pain.
96
What imaging techniques are used for diagnosing joint disorders?
* X-rays * CT * MRI * Arthroscopy ## Footnote Arthroscopy allows for closer inspection of lesions and the ability to take biopsies and repair damage.
97
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis ## Footnote Affects not just the joint structures but also the bones connecting in the joint.
98
What percentage of people aged 70 years or older are affected by osteoarthritis?
70% or more ## Footnote Especially if they are overweight or obese.
99
What leads to painful movement in osteoarthritis?
Worn down cartilage and growth of bone spurs (osteophytes) ## Footnote Most commonly affected joints include the hip and knees.
100
What is gout?
A disorder caused by the deposition of uric acid that cannot be excreted ## Footnote Leads to the formation of uric acid stones (tophi) in tissues.
101
What is the most commonly affected joint in gout?
The joint at the base of the big toe ## Footnote Can also affect fingers, wrists, ankles, and knees.
102
How is acute gout treated?
NSAIDs ## Footnote Dietary changes can prevent chronic, recurring episodes.
103
What bacteria can cause septic arthritis?
* Staphylococci * Streptococci * Neisseria gonorrhea ## Footnote These bacteria can destroy the synovial membrane and lead to ankylosis if untreated.
104
What type of disorder is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Autoimmune disorder ## Footnote It can affect any synovial joint and internal organs.
105
What are common treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?
* Anti-inflammatory substances * Corticosteroids * Biologics (monoclonal antibodies) ## Footnote Biologics inhibit specific components of the immune system.
106
What are bursae?
Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes containing synovial fluid ## Footnote They act as 'ball bearings' where ligaments, muscles, skin, and bones rub together.
107
What is bursitis usually caused by?
A blow or friction ## Footnote Treated with rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory drugs if severe.
108
What is tendinitis?
Inflammation of tendon usually caused by overuse ## Footnote Treated with rest, ice, and sometimes anti-inflammatory drugs.
109
What is a joint dislocation?
When bones are forced out of alignment ## Footnote A partial dislocation is called a subluxation.
110
What are common causes of joint dislocations?
Serious falls or playing sports ## Footnote The shoulder joint is the most commonly dislocated joint.
111
What can cause cartilage tears?
Compression and shearing stress ## Footnote Often occur as sports injuries.
112
What is the treatment of choice for cartilage tears?
Arthroscopic surgery ## Footnote Including cartilage grafting.
113
What happens when ligaments are overstretched?
Sprain ## Footnote Torn ligaments are referred to as ruptures.
114
What is a common example of a tendon rupture?
Rotator cuff of the shoulder joint ## Footnote Even if three of the four tendons are intact, joint function will be impaired.
115
What defines a herniated disc?
A herniation of a part of the nucleus pulposus through cracks in the annulus fibrosus ## Footnote Can lead to pressure on spinal nerves or spinal cord.

MR Specialist Cert (21 decks)

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