Module 4 AI cards Flashcards
1
Q
What is the acromion?
A
Bony process on the shoulder blade (scapula); forms the highest point of the shoulder.
2
Q
What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?
A
Four defined surface areas preferred by clinicians.
3
Q
How many divisions are used in abdominopelvic regions?
A
Nine divisions used by anatomists and clinicians.
4
Q
What does the dorsal cavity house?
A
Houses and protects the brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (spinal cavity).
5
Q
Define homeostasis.
A
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment allows our body to function at its best.
6
Q
What is hypoxemia?
A
Low oxygen level in the blood.
7
Q
What is hypoxia?
A
Low oxygen level in the tissues.
8
Q
What is an infarct?
A
Cell death (necrosis) caused by poor blood flow (ischemia).
9
Q
Define ischemia.
A
Low oxygen level in the tissues caused by poor blood flow.
10
Q
What is malnutrition?
A
Lack of proper nutrition.
11
Q
List the eight necessary life functions.
A
- Maintenance of boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
12
Q
What is an organ?
A
A body part with a specific function necessary for the overall function.
13
Q
What is an organ system?
A
Organs working together as a team; our body has 11 organ systems.
14
Q
What is the sternal angle?
A
An important anatomical landmark for finding the second rib.
15
Q
What does surface anatomy study?
A
Study of the external surface of the body important for health assessment.
16
Q
What is the ventral cavity?
A
Home to our internal organs; thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are separated by the diaphragm.
17
Q
What is the vertebra prominens?
A
The last cervical vertebra (C7) has a rather long spinous process making it a landmark.
18
Q
What does the combining form ‘abdomin(o)-‘ refer to?
A
Abdomen.
19
Q
What does the combining form ‘crani(o)-‘ refer to?
A
Skull (cranium).
20
Q
What does the combining form ‘dorsi-‘ or ‘dorso-‘ refer to?
A
Back (dorsum).
21
Q
What does the combining form ‘epi-‘ mean?
A
Upon, above, or beside.
22
Q
What does the combining form ‘extra-‘ mean?
A
Outside of, beyond, or in addition to.
23
Q
What does the combining form ‘gastr(o)-‘ refer to?
A
Stomach.
24
Q
What does the combining form ‘hypo-‘ mean?
A
Below, less than normal, or insufficient.
25
What does the combining form 'intra-' mean?
Within, into, or during.
26
What does the combining form 'spin(o)-' refer to?
Spine; backbone (spinal column).
27
What does the combining form 'thorac(o)-' refer to?
Thorax, chest.
28
What does the combining form 'ventr(o)-' refer to?
Belly.
29
What does 'BMI' stand for?
Body mass index.
30
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate.
31
What is CAD?
Coronary artery disease.
32
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
33
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
Consists of a pump (the heart) and blood vessels; transports blood to organs.
34
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
35
What are the major nutrients?
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids (fats)
* Proteins
36
What are the five survival needs?
* Nutrients
* Oxygen
* Water
* Normal body temperature
* Atmospheric pressure
37
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the fast-acting control system of the body.
nervous system
38
Fill in the blank: ______ is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in body cells.
Metabolism
39
True or False: The integumentary system synthesizes vitamin D.
True
40
True or False: The skeletal system is responsible for the production of hormones.
False
41
What is the caloric value of carbohydrates?
4 kcal per gram
42
What is the caloric value of fats?
9 kcal per gram
43
What role do phospholipids play in the body?
Essential in all cell membranes
44
What is the function of adipose tissue?
Forms layers around body organs and an insulating layer below the skin; concentrated source of energy
45
What is the role of cholesterol in the body?
Stabilizes membranes and is a precursor of steroid hormones
46
What is the recommended intake of carbohydrates as a percentage of total calorie intake?
45-65% of total calorie intake; mostly complex carbohydrates
47
What is the minimum daily intake of carbohydrates to maintain adequate blood glucose levels?
100 g/day
48
What is the daily protein intake rule of thumb?
0.8 g per kg body weight = 1 egg
49
What is the all-or-none rule in protein synthesis?
All amino acids needed must be present for protein synthesis to occur
50
What percentage of total caloric intake should fats represent?
30% or less
51
What is the recommended limit for saturated fats as a percentage of total fat intake?
10% or less
52
What is the maximum daily cholesterol intake recommended?
300 mg
53
What is hypoxia?
Insufficient oxygen supply at any given time for cells, tissues, and organs
54
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Ventilates the lungs with a rhythmic breathing cycle
55
What happens to oxygen in the alveoli?
Moves into the blood and is taken up by red blood cells
56
What is the normal body water content for infants?
Approximately 75%
57
What is the normal body water content for adults?
55%
58
What is the body water content for elderly individuals?
Approximately 45%
59
What is the normal body temperature in Fahrenheit?
98.6°F (surface temperature)
60
What is the core body temperature in Fahrenheit?
100.4°F
61
What is the average atmospheric pressure for adequate breathing?
760 mmHg (29.9 inches)
62
What are the three middle regions of the abdominopelvic area called?
Epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric
63
What are the two major body cavities?
Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
64
What does the dorsal cavity house?
Main parts of the nervous system
65
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
66
What is malnutrition?
Lack of proper nutrition
67
What is the Body Mass Index (BMI) formula?
BMI = wt (lb) × 705/ht (inches)²
68
What BMI range is considered underweight?
< 18.5
69
What BMI range is considered normal weight?
18.5 – 24.9
70
What BMI range is considered overweight?
25 – 29.9
71
What BMI value indicates obesity?
≥ 30
72
What is essential fat?
Fat needed for normal physiological function
73
What is the fat composition for men and women regarding essential fat?
Men: 3%; Women: 12%
74
What is malabsorption?
Failure to digest and/or absorb food into the body
75
What is lactose intolerance?
Inability to break down lactose due to lactase deficiency
76
What is celiac disease?
An autoimmune disease triggered by gluten, affecting the small intestine
77
What is the treatment for celiac disease?
Lifelong avoidance of gluten-containing foods
78
What is pancreatic insufficiency?
Lack of pancreatic enzymes affecting digestion
79
What is pancreatic insufficiency?
The pancreas produces most enzymes needed to break down food. Lack of pancreatic enzymes affects digestion of all major nutrients. Symptoms include bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea with large, foul-smelling stool.
## Footnote
Symptoms are unspecific and can be mistaken for other conditions.
80
Define hypoxia.
A condition where oxygen supply is not meeting demands, leading to low oxygen levels in tissues.
## Footnote
Hypoxia is different from anoxia, which is a complete lack of oxygen.
81
What is the consequence of severe hypoxia?
Severe hypoxia will lead to cell death (necrosis) in the affected area.
## Footnote
If necrosis is caused by poor blood flow, the area is called an infarct.
82
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
A heart attack caused by an obstruction of blood flow in the coronary arteries.
## Footnote
Other organs prone to infarction include the brain (stroke) and kidneys.
83
What is generalized hypoxia?
Develops when overall blood flow breaks down, such as in anaphylactic shock or cardiac arrest.
## Footnote
The brain, kidney, and liver cells are most susceptible to damage.
84
How long can skeletal muscle survive without oxygen?
Skeletal muscle can survive for up to two hours without oxygen due to myoglobin storage.
## Footnote
Cardiac muscle can only survive for about 15-20 minutes without fresh oxygen.
85
What is respiratory failure?
The inability of the respiratory system to maintain normal blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
## Footnote
It can develop as an acute or chronic disorder.
86
What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Impaired blood flow due to narrowing of arteries in the legs, arms, neck, and internal organs.
## Footnote
Symptoms include cramping, pain, or tiredness in leg or hip muscles while walking.
87
What causes coronary artery disease (CAD)?
It affects blood vessels to heart muscle tissue and can cause a heart attack.
## Footnote
Risk factors include smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
88
What is dehydration?
A negative fluid balance that occurs when water output exceeds water intake.
## Footnote
Symptoms include thirst, dry skin, low urine production, and can lead to hypovolemic shock.
89
What are the main sources of water intake for humans?
* Beverages
* Food
* Metabolism
## Footnote
The average adult has a water turnover of about 2500 ml/day.
90
What hormone is released to help overcome dehydration?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released to decrease urine formation and output.
## Footnote
The thirst center also signals the need to drink water.
91
What is the primary cause of dehydration in active individuals?
Sweating during physical activity or in warm environments.
## Footnote
This leads to water loss from both inside and outside cells.
92
What effect does alcohol have on hydration?
Alcohol blocks the release of ADH, leading to increased urine output.
## Footnote
This can cause dehydration and contribute to hangovers.
93
What is the normal body temperature range?
Normal body temperature is around 98.6°F on the surface, with core temperature at 100.4°F.
## Footnote
Shell temperature can fluctuate significantly.
94
What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange?
* Radiation
* Conduction
* Convection
* Evaporation
## Footnote
These mechanisms help regulate body temperature.
95
What is hyperthermia?
An increased body temperature, often referred to as a fever.
## Footnote
It is a common symptom of bacterial and viral infections.
96
What is malignant hyperpyrexia?
A condition where the body cannot cool down due to inability to sweat, leading to rising body temperature.
## Footnote
Symptoms include red, hot, and dry skin.
97
What is hypothermia?
A body temperature below normal, which can lead to cardiac arrest if core temperature falls below 70°F.
## Footnote
Cooling happens faster in cold water than in cold air.
98
What is high altitude sickness?
Symptoms like headaches and shortness of breath that occur at altitudes above 8,000 feet.
## Footnote
Severe cases can lead to cerebral and pulmonary edema.
99
What is acclimatization?
Long-term adjustments made to cope with lower atmospheric pressure, including increased minute ventilation and erythrocyte production.
## Footnote
Erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys stimulates red blood cell formation.
100
What effect does training at high altitudes have on athletes?
Increased red cell count allows for better oxygen transport.
## Footnote
This advantage diminishes after three months.
