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Flashcards in Musculoskeletal System Deck (10)
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1
Q

What are the three embryonic sources of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Paraxial mesoderm (somites), Lateral plate mesoderm (parietal and visceral), Neural crest cells

2
Q

What are the three functional clusters of somites and what does each develop into?

A

Dermotone (dermis of skin), Myotome (epaxial and hypaxial muscles), Sclerotome (axial skeleton)

3
Q

What is the innervation for epaxial and hypaxial muscles respectively?

A

Dorsal rami and ventral rami

4
Q

What are the muscles progenitors of the first and second pharyngeal arches respectively responsible for?

A

Muscles of mastication (Arch I) and Muscles of Facial Expression (Arch II)

5
Q

Distinguish epaxial from hypaxial muscles and name the only muscles in the smaller group

A

Epaxial muscles are dorsal to the horizontal septum of vertebrae, whereas hypaxial muscles are ventral to this line. The erector spinae and multifidus are the only epaxial muscles in humans

6
Q

What tissue controls local patterns of muscle development?

A

The connective tissue in the area. Myoblasts migrate into the area and are given their instructions by this mesenchyme

7
Q

Give the origin of the directive mesenchymal cells of the following regions: head, occipital and cervical, body wall and limbs

A

Head - Neural crest cell derivatives, Occipital and Cervical - Somatic Mesodermal derivatives, Body wall and Limbs - Lateral plate mesoderm derivatives

8
Q

What developmental process allows muscles to cross adjacent vertebral bodies by shifting the vertebrae down relative to the surrounding tissue?

A

Resegmentation

9
Q

Two general methods of bone formation and which type of bone they are used on

A

Intramembraneous (flat bones of cranial vault) and Intracartilagenous (long bones)

10
Q

What structure exerts an important inductive influence in limb development?

A

The apical ectodermal ridge

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