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Developmental Psychology > PART 3. FORMING A NEW LIFE > Flashcards

PART 3. FORMING A NEW LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

time period when conception is possible

A

fertile window

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2
Q

also known as conception; when ovum and sperm combine to make a zygote

A

fertilization

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3
Q

a one-celled organism that is formed through fertilization

A

zygote

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4
Q

once every 28 days; characterized by the rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum

A

ovulation

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5
Q

result of 2 separate eggs being fertilized by 2 different sperm to form 2 unique individuals

A

dizygotic twins or fraternal twins

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6
Q

result from cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally identical

A

monozygotic twins or identical twins

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7
Q

genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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8
Q

chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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9
Q

4 main nucleobases of DNA and RNA

A

Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine

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10
Q

If RNA, adenine bonds with?

A

Uracil

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11
Q

True or False. A child’s sex is determined by a father’s sperm.

A

True

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12
Q

Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule which governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functioning of living cells.

A

genetic code

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13
Q

coils of DNA that consists of genes

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

smallest unit of heredity

A

genes

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15
Q

complete sequence of genes in the human body

A

human genome

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16
Q

permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics

A

mutation

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17
Q

chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression

A

autosomes

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18
Q

it is the 23rd pair that governs the baby’s sex

A

sex chromosome

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19
Q

the gene for maleness

A

SRY gene

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20
Q

alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait

A

alleles

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21
Q

2 identical alleles for a trait

A

homozygous

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22
Q

2 different alleles for a trait

A

heterozygous

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23
Q

when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is shown

A

dominant inheritance

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24
Q

when a child receives identical pair of recessive alleles

A

recessive inheritance

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25
Q

multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait

A

polygenic inheritance

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26
Q

observable characteristics

A

phenotype

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27
Q

genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and suppressed characteristics

A

genotype

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28
Q

combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits

A

multiple transmission

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29
Q

mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells

A

epigenesis

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30
Q

child receives 2 different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait

A

incomplete dominance

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31
Q

certain traits on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male/female offspring

A

sex-linked characteristics

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32
Q

A birth defect that is characterized by enzyme deficiency that can lead to cirrhois of the liver in early infancy and emphysema and degenerative lung disease in middle age

A

Alpha, antitrypsin deficiency

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33
Q

Severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

A

Alpha thalassemia

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34
Q

Severe anemia resulting in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness.

A

Beta thalassemia (Cooley’s anemia)

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35
Q

Overproduction of mucus which collects in the lung and digestive tract.

A

Cystic fibrosis

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36
Q

Usually in males, marked by muscle weakness; minor mental retardation, respiratory failure, and death

A

Ducheme muscular dystrophy

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37
Q

Excessive bleeding usually in males; in its severe form can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood.

A

Hemophilia

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38
Q

Absence of brain tissues

A

Anencephaly

39
Q

Incompletely closed spinal canal, resulting in muscle weakness or paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus.

A

Spina bifida

40
Q

Metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

41
Q

Infantile form: enlarged kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure

Adult form: kidney pain, stones, hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure

A

Polycystic kidney disease

42
Q

Deformed, fragile RBC that clogs blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen

A

Sickle-cell anemia

43
Q

Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells resulting in death bero 5 yrs old.

A

Tay-sachs disease

44
Q

SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES

A 
XYY
XXX (triple X)
XXY (Klinefelter)
XO (Turner)
Fragile X
45
Q

A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
MALE
-tall stature
-tendency to have low IQ, especially verbal

A

XYY

46
Q 
A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
FEMALE
-normal appearance
-menstrual irregularities
-learning disorders
-mental retardation
A

XXX (triple X)

47
Q 
A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
FEMALE
-short stature
-webbed neck
-impaired spatial intelligence
-no menstruation
-infertility
-underdeveloped sex organs
-incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics
A

XO (Turner)

48
Q

A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
MALE
-sterility
-underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics
-learning disorders
-small testes

A

XXY (Klinefelter)

49
Q

A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:

  • minor-to-severe mental retardation
  • delayed speech and motor development
  • speech impairments
  • hyperactivity
A

Fragile X

50
Q

Most common chromosomal abnormality; moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward sloping skinfold at the inner corners of the eye. Also known as trisomy-21.

A

Down syndrome

51
Q

Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.

A

Genetic counseling

52
Q

photograph that shows a chromosome when they are separated and aligned for cell division

A

karyotype

53
Q

quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior

A

Behavioral genetics

54
Q

statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population

A

heretability

55
Q

describes tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder

A

concordant

56
Q

potential variability depending on environmental conditions in the expression of a hereditary trait

A

reaction range

57
Q

illustrates how heredity restricts the range of development for some traits

A

canalization

58
Q

portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions

A

Genotype-Environment Interaction

59
Q

tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other

A

Genotype-Environment Correlation

60
Q

3 Ways of Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

Passive Correlations
Reactive (evocative) Correlations
Active Correlations

Note: passive and reactive correlations are common among younger kids

61
Q

parents’ who provide genes that predispose a child toward a trait, tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of such trait

A

Passive Correlations

62
Q

As we grow older, we tend to actively select or create experiences consistent with our genetic tendencies.

A

Active Correlations

63
Q

our tendency to seek environments compatible with our genotype

A

niche-picking

64
Q

unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another

A

non-shared environment

65
Q

extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type

A

obesity

66
Q

characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations

A

temperament

67
Q

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality

A

schizophrenia

68
Q

the process from conception to birth

A

gestation

69
Q

age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s menstrual cycle

A

gestational age

70
Q

Stages of Prenatal Development

A 
Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)
Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)
Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)
71
Q

A stage in prenatal development marked by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation and implantation in the wall of uterus.

A

Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)

72
Q

A stage in prenatal development marked by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.

A

Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)

73
Q

The process of growth and development of major body systems and organs.

A

organogenesis

74
Q

miscarriage; natural expulsion from uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb

A

spontaneous abortion

75
Q

formed from the outer cells that provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby in the womb

A

placenta

76
Q

formed from the inner cells and is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism

A

embryo

77
Q

This germ layer gives rise to the skin and nervous system.

A

Ectoderm

78
Q

This germ layer gives rise to the digestive and respiratory system.

A

Endoderm

79
Q

This germ layer gives rise to the muscle and skeletal system.

A

Mesoderm

80
Q

A stage in prenatal development marked by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged bodysize.

A

Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)

81
Q

environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities

A

teratogen

82
Q

mental, motor, and development abnormalities of offspring due to women drinking heavily while pregnant

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

83
Q

disease that undermines effective functioning of immune system

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

84
Q

physical or psychological demand on a person or organism

A

stress

85
Q

PRENATAL ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

A
  • Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology
  • Embryoscopy, fetoscopy
  • Amniocentesis
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
  • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
  • Umbilical cord sampling (cordocentesis/fetal blood sampling
  • Maternal blood test
86
Q

uses high frequency sound waves to detect fetus outline and its movements

A

Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology

87
Q

Tiny viewing scope inserted in woman’s abdomen to view embryo.
Assists diagnosis of nonchromosomal genetic disorders

A

Embryoscopy, fetoscopy

88
Q

Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn under guidance of ultrasound and analyzed.

A

Amniocentesis

89
Q

Tissues from hair-like chorionic villi (projections of membrane surrounding fetus) are removed from placenta and analyzed.

A

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

90
Q

After in vitro fertilization, a sample cell is removed from blastocyst and analyzed.

A

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

91
Q

Needle guided by ultrasound is inserted to blood vessels of umbilical cord.

A

Umbilical cord sampling (cordocentesis/fetal blood sampling

92
Q

Sample of prospective mother’s blood is tested for alpha fetoprotein.

A

Maternal blood test

93
Q

Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others.

A

Reactive (evocative) Correlations

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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