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9th Grade Flashcards > Physical Science Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Physical Science Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of matter and energy and the interactions occurring between them

A

physics

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2
Q

Italian scientist who viewed the universe, the world, and living things as the special creation of God

A

Galileo Galilei

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3
Q

English scientist who formulated the three laws of motion and some of the first detailed investigations into the behavior of light

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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4
Q

the collective term for the branches of physics developed before 1900

A

classical physics

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5
Q

the collective term for the branches of physics developed since 1900

A

modern physics

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6
Q

mathematical quantity that has only a magnitude (size or amount)

A

scalar quantity (scalar)

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7
Q

mathematical quantity that has both magnitude and direction

A

vector quantity (vector)

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8
Q

scalar representing the total length of the object’s path

A

distance

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9
Q

vector representing an object’s change in position

A

displacement

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10
Q

an object undergoing a change in position is said to be in _______

A

motion

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11
Q

the study of motions and forces

A

dynamics

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12
Q

the branch of physics that addresses the effects of forces on matter

A

mechanics

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13
Q

vector that measures the displacement of an object per unit time

A

velocity

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14
Q

speed is _________ (scalar or vector)

A

scalar

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15
Q

velocity is ________ (scalar or vector)

A

vector

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16
Q

distance is ________ (scalar or vector)

A

scalar

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17
Q

displacement is _________ (scalar or vector)

A

vector

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18
Q

any change in velocity

A

acceleration

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19
Q

an acceleration opposite the direction of motion

A

deceleration

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20
Q

the book published by Isaac Newton that explained his findings on gravitation

A

Principia

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21
Q

pushing or pulling action of one object on another

A

force

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22
Q

law stating that the velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force

A

first law of motion

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23
Q

also called the law of inertia

A

first law of motion

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24
Q

law stating that the force required to accelerate an object at a certain rate equals an object’s mass times the desired acceleration

A

second law of motion

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25
Q

SI unit of force and weight

A

Newton

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26
Q

one Newton equals ________

A

one kilogram times one meter over second squared

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27
Q

the acceleration of an object is __________ to the force applied

A

directly proportional

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28
Q

space relative to which motion is measured

A

frame of reference

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29
Q

a vector showing the result of two or more other vectors

A

resultant

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30
Q

states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

third law of motion

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31
Q

the resultant of adding the individual forces on an object through vector addition

A

net force

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32
Q

a diagram that represents an object and the forces on it without considering the causes of the force or the reaction forces exerted by the object

A

free-body diagram

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33
Q

describes the relationship of attraction between two objects affected by gravitational force

A

law of universal gravitation

34
Q

a constant of proportionality in the universal law of gravitation

A

gravitational constant

35
Q

precisely determined the value of the gravitational constant

A

Henry Cavendish

36
Q

the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth or another celestial body

A

weight

37
Q

the gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial body

A

gravity

38
Q

effectively the constant rate at which an object in free fall accelerates

A

acceleration of gravity

39
Q

the velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals an object’s weight, stopping the object from speeding up

A

terminal velocity

40
Q

the force that causes an object in circular motion to travel in a curved path rather than a straight line

A

centripetal force

41
Q

the result of a weight’s attempt to move in a straight line

A

centrifugal force

42
Q

center seeking force

A

centripetal force

43
Q

center fleeing force

A

centrifugal force

44
Q

an object that hangs at a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity

A

pendulum

45
Q

the resistance rising due to an object’s motion through a fluid or across a surface

A

friction

46
Q

two main causes of friction

A

attraction and repulsion

47
Q

the type of friction that affects sliding objects already in motion

A

kinetic friction

48
Q

a type of friction that affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving

A

static friction

49
Q

the transfer of energy from one object to another by a force

A

work

50
Q

the SI unit of work and energy; equal to the work done in moving an object a distance of 1 m by pushing it with a force of 1 N

A

Joule

51
Q

the rate of doing work or using energy; work done or energy used per unit time

A

power

52
Q

the SI unit of power; one joule of work done in one second

A

watt

53
Q

the F.P.S. unit of power, defined by a horse lifting 550 lb. a distance of 1 ft in 1 s.

A

horsepower

54
Q

the product of an object’s mass and velocity

A

momentum

55
Q

the law stating that the overall momentum of a system remains constant unless an external force is applied to it

A

law of conservation of momentum

56
Q

devices for doing work

A

machines

57
Q

any of the six basic force-multiplying machines

A

simple machine

58
Q

simple machines provide these three forms of assistance

A
  1. multiply applied force
  2. multiply distance
  3. change direction of force
59
Q

force applied to a machine

A

input

60
Q

force that a machine applies after multiplication of the input

A

output

61
Q

says that energy can be neither created or destroyed; it can only be transferred and change form

A

law of conservation of energy

62
Q

the number of times a machine multiplies the input

A

mechanical advantage (MA)

63
Q

the multiplication of force provided by a machine under ideal conditions

A

ideal mechanical advantage (IMA)

64
Q

the actual multiplication of force a machine provides under nonideal conditions

A

actual mechanical advantage (AMA)

65
Q

the ratio of work output to work input in a machine

A

efficiency

66
Q

a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar or beam resting upon a pivot

A

lever

67
Q

the pivot upon which the beam of the lever rests

A

fulcrum

68
Q

the part of the lever from the fulcrum to the input

A

input arm

69
Q

the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the output

A

output arm

70
Q

a lever in which the input and output forces are on opposite sides of the fulcrum

A

class 1 lever

71
Q

a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the input is applied to the other end, and the output is between the input and the fulcrum

A

class 2 lever

72
Q

a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the output is at the other end, and the input force is applied between the fulcrum and the output (OIF)

A

class 3 lever

73
Q

a simple machine in which a force is applied to rotate a wheel or axle; basically a circular lever

A

wheel and axle

74
Q

a simple machine consisting of a wheel over which a rope or cable passes

A

pulley

75
Q

a pulley that does not move with the load but merely reverses the direction of the input force without multiplying it

A

fixed pulley

76
Q

a pulley directly attached to a moving load

A

movable pulley

77
Q

a combination of of one or more fixed and one or more movable pulleys

A

block and tackle

78
Q

a sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up

A

inclined plane

79
Q

a special form of inclined plane that modifies the applied force and directs it to the side

A

wedge

80
Q

a simple machine resembling an inclined plane wrapped around a rod

A

screw

81
Q

in a screw, the distance from one of the ridges or threads to the next

A

pitch

9th Grade Flashcards (71 decks)

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