Science Chapters 5-6 + End of 4

Question 1

the Greek mathematician who discovered that fluids exert a buoyant force upon objects within them

Answer 1

Archimedes

Question 2

an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object placed in the fluid

Answer 2

buoyancy

Question 3

the principle stating that the buoyant force experienced by an object is exactly equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

Answer 3

Archimedes’ principle

Question 4

a vessel that is designed to operate below the surface of the water, but can also float on the surface

Answer 4

submarine

Question 5

when an object is completely submerged but not sinking

Answer 5

neutral buoyancy

Question 6

resistance of any object moving through a fluid

Answer 6

drag

Question 7

science of shaping objects to allow the smooth flow of fluids around them and reduce drag

Answer 7

streamlining

Question 8

a force on an object that is generated by relative motion between the object and a fluid and is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow

Answer 8

lift

Question 9

the ability to do work and change matter

Answer 9

energy

Question 10

energy of motion

Answer 10

kinetic energy

Question 11

the law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred

Answer 11

law of conservation of energy

Question 12

the principle stating that mass and energy can be considered two different ways of measuring the same physical property

Answer 12

mass-energy equivalence

Question 13

the law stating that the sum of mass and energy is constant

Answer 13

law of conservation of mass and energy

Question 14

the energy of an entire object moving

Answer 14

whole-body kinetic energy

Question 15

simplest form of motion

Answer 15

translational motion

Question 16

whole-body kinetic energy caused by translational motion

Answer 16

translational kinetic energy

Question 17

natural forces that cause potential energy

Answer 17

fundamental forces

Question 18

attractive force between all material objects

Answer 18

gravitational force

Question 19

a force that affects certain subatomic particles; stronger than the gravitational force but weaker than the electromagnetic force

Answer 19

weak nuclear force

Question 20

second-strongest fundamental force, which affects only objects with an electric charge

Answer 20

electromagnetic force

Question 21

energy resulting from the chemical combination of atoms into molecules

Answer 21

chemical energy

Question 22

the strongest fundamental force, which acts only within atomic nuclei and combines subatomic particles together to form the nucleus of an atom

Answer 22

strong nuclear force

Question 23

internal energy that an object has because of random motions of its individual molecules

Answer 23

thermal energy

Question 24

the state in which no thermal energy is transferred between objects because they are at the same temperature

Answer 24

thermal equilibrium

Question 25

transfer of thermal energy from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature

Answer 25

heat

Question 26

amount of heat needed to change its temperature by a certain amount

Answer 26

heat capacity

Question 27

the ratio of an object’s heat capacity to the object’s mass

Answer 27

specific heat

Question 28

device designed to measure the heat involved in physical and chemical changes

Answer 28

calorimeter

Question 29

a device that automatically regulates temperature

Answer 29

thermostat

Question 30

a device consisting of two metal strips that are bonded together that bends in response to temperature changes

Answer 30

bimetallic strip

Question 31

the transfer of a property like thermal energy (heat) or electric charge through direct contact

Answer 31

conduction

Question 32

transfer of heat by moving fluids

Answer 32

convection

Question 33

a transfer of heat without matter as radiant energy

Answer 33

radiation

Question 34

a type of double-walled container designed to minimize transfer of heat

Answer 34

Dewar flask

Question 35

a home heating system in which water is heated by a boiler and pumped to radiators in the various rooms of a house

Answer 35

hot-water heating system

Question 36

a home-heating system that warms air with a furnace and uses a blower or fan to circulate air through a network of ducts

Answer 36

forced-warm-air system

Question 37

branch of physics that deals with thermal energy, heat, and their relationships to other forms of energy and energy transfer

Answer 37

thermodynamics

Question 38

matter or portion of the universe being studied

Answer 38

system

Question 39

entire universe except the system

Answer 39

surroundings

Question 40

an invisible and weightless fluid that created and removed heat

Answer 40

caloric

Question 41

the law stating that the energy gained (or lost) by a system is equal to the energy lost (or gained) by its surroundings

Answer 41

first law of thermodynamics

Question 42

sometimes considered the founder of the science of thermodynamics

Answer 42

Sadi Carnot

Question 43

theoretical device that would generate the maximum possible amount of work from a given amount of heat

Answer 43

Carnot engine

Question 44

natural processes go only one way, toward less usable energy and greater disorder; implies that the universe is not improving but is instead running down

Answer 44

second law of thermodynamics

Question 45

the measure of the amount of disorder in a system

Answer 45

entropy

Question 46

the changing of a solid into a liquid

Answer 46

melting

Question 47

the changing of a liquid into a solid

Answer 47

freezing

Question 48

the phenomenon in which the freezing point of a liquid is lowered by the addition of solutes

Answer 48

freezing point depression

Question 49

the “hidden” heat absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a change of state

Answer 49

latent heat

Question 50

the latent heat required to change a given mass of a solid into a liquid without changing its temperature

Answer 50

heat of fusion

Question 51

the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

Answer 51

evaporation

Question 52

describes a liquid that evaporates rapidly

Answer 52

volatile

Question 53

describes a liquid that evaporates slowly

Answer 53

nonvolatile

Question 54

the state of evaporation occurring throughout a liquid

Answer 54

boiling

Question 55

the temperature at which a substance boils

Answer 55

boiling point

Question 56

the phenomenon in which the addition of nonvolatile solutes raises the boiling point temperature of a liquid

Answer 56

boiling point elevation

Question 57

latent heat required to change a liquid into a gas without raising its temperature

Answer 57

heat of vaporization

Question 58

the process of a gas changing into a liquid

Answer 58

condensation

Question 59

the process of a solid changing directly into a gas

Answer 59

sublimation

Question 60

the process of a gas changing directly into a solid

Answer 60

deposition

Question 61

special state of matter that exists when temperatures are too high for matter to exist in its ordinary states

Answer 61

plasma

Question 62

an object that produces lift

Answer 62

foil

Question 63

four factors which affect the drag on an object

Answer 63

speed, size, fluid density, and shape (shape is most important)

Question 64

formula for kinetic energy

Answer 64

kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity squared

Question 65

spins or rolls around around an internal axis

Answer 65

rotational motion

Question 66

formula for potential energy

Answer 66

potential energy = mass x 9.81m/s squared x height

Question 67

factors which affect kinetic energy

Answer 67

speed, size, shape, and mass

Question 68

factors which affect thermal energy

Answer 68

temperature, state, and mass

Question 69

what is a practical restatement of the law of conservation of energy

Answer 69

first law of thermodynamics

Question 70

the formula for heat

Answer 70

Q = cm(delta)T

Question 71

formula for heat capacity

Answer 71

C = Q / (delta)T

Question 72

formula for specific heat

Answer 72

c = Q / m (delta)T