yet another science test Flashcards by Vivianne Woodring

electrons shared by 3 or more atoms are _____

delocalized

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describes how strongly atoms of that element pull on electrons in chemical bonds

electronegativity

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covalent bond where the atoms have equal electronegativity, so both atoms share their electrons equally, and the electrons are not pulled closer to one atom than to the other

nonpolar bond

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covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons

polar bond

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molecule that has opposite partial charges on opposite ends

polar molecule

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a substance consisting of atoms covalently bonded into a large structure that does not contain a specific number of atoms

covalent network

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simplest ratio of atoms in a nonmolecular compound

formula unit

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form of bonding created through the transfer of electrons

ionic bonding

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attraction between the oppositely charged ions

ionic bond (between a metal and nonmetal)

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ion formed from a group of atoms

polyatomic ion

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negative ion

anion

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positive ion

cation

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form of bonding created through the sharing of electrons

metallic bonding

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bonding in metals in which valence electrons are shared by all the atoms in the metal

metallic bonding

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prefixes:
1. one
2. two
3. three
4. four
5. five
6. six
7. seven
8. eight
9. nine
10. ten

mono-
di-
tri-
tetra-
penta-
hexa-
hepta-
octa-
nona-
deca-

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formula that tells how many of each type of atom are in a molecule

molecular formula

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formula that shows the general arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

structural formula

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formula that shows only the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound

empirical formula

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strongest intermolecular force

hydrogen bond

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weakest intermolecular force

London force

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intermolecular force that affects nonpolar molecules

London force

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intermolecular force that affects normal polar molecules

dipole-dipole force

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intermolecular force that affects every type of molecule

London force

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homogeneous mixture

solution

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substance doing the dissolving in a solution

solvent

process where ions break apart into smaller ions

dissociation

three ways to increase the rate that a substance dissolves in a solution

1. stir 2. crush / grind 3. heat

ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance to form a solution

solubility

a substance that dissolves easily in a solvent

soluble

a solid formed when a substance "undissolves"

precipitate

general rule explaining polar substances dissolve polar substances and nonpolar dissolve nonpolar

"like dissolves like"

Avogadro's number

6.022 x 10 to the 23

unit representing Avogadro's number

mole

measure of solution concentration as moles of solute per liters of solution

molarity

concentration measured as the moles of solute in a given mass of solvent (kilograms)

molality

process of mixing molecules of one substance with another substance by random molecular motion

diffusion

allow some substances to diffuse through them but not other substances

semipermeable

one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

osmosis

expression that uses chemical symbols to represent a chemical reaction

chemical equation

substances that undergo change

reactants (on left side of chemical equation)

substances produced by change

products (on right side of chemical equation)

number before each chemical formula that shows how many molecules or formula units of that substance are involved in the reaction

coefficient

small number on the bottom right that tells how many elements are in the molecule

subscript

3CO(subscript 4) has ______ molecules

3CO(subscript 4) has ______ atoms

15 (12 in oxygen; 3 in carbon)

how many atoms of oxygen are there in 4Ca(OH) subscript 2 on (OH) ?

8 atoms of oxygen

states that the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products

law of conservation of mass

AB -> A + B is a _______ reaction

decomposition

NaCl + AgNo -> NaNo + AgCl is a ______ reaction

double displacement

H(subscript 2) + I(subscript 2) -> 2HI is a ______ reaction

combination

AB + CD -> AD +CB is a ______ reaction

double displacement

the study of the relationship between chemical reactions and the laws of thermodynamics

chemical thermodynamics

a form of potential energy that may be released as thermal energy when molecules combine or break apart

chemical energy

chemical reaction that releases thermal energy

exothermic reaction

chemical reactions that cause thermal energy to be absorbed and stored in the chemical bonds of the products

endothermic reactions

a reaction that is able to occur by itself without continuing outside help

spontaneous

states that the entropy of the products can be lower than the entropy of the reactants only if the entropy of the surroundings increases by a greater amount

second law of thermodynamics

says that the energy gained or lost by a system equals the energy lost or gained by the surroundings

first law of thermodynamics

kinetic energy necessary for molecules to chemically react

activation energy

area of chemistry that addresses the rates of chemical reactions

chemical kinetics

substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed in the reaction

catalyst

four ways to increase reaction rate:

1. heat (increase) 2. surface area 3. pressure/concentration 4. catalyst

reaction that can be made to go backwards

reversible reaction

in a reversible reaction, if both reactions occur at the same rate, the system is in _______

chemical equilibrium

says that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will react to at least partially offset that disturbance

Le Chatelier's principle

any ionic compound that does not contain a hydrogen ion (H+) or hydroxide ion (OH–)

salt

any substance that produces hydroxide anions (OH–) in aqueous solution

base

any substance that produces hydrogen cations (H+) when dissolved in aqueous (water) solution

acid

a cation of a base and an anion of an acid form a _____

salt

H(subscript3)O+

hydronium ion

_____ produces hydronium when dissolved in water

acid

acids and bases that completely dissociate or react to form hydroxide ions are ______

strong

acids and bases that only partially dissociate to form ions are _____

weak

a reaction that occurs when a strong acid reacts with a strong base

neutralization reaction

neutralization reactions form ____ and ____

salt and water

scale that represents the concentration of hydronium

pH scale

on the pH scale: 1. less than 7 2. 7 3. greater than 7

1. acids 2. neutral 3. bases