Psychology-Chapter 11: Emotion and Motivation-Important terms

Question 1

What is an emotion?

Answer 1

An emotion is a motivated state marked by physiological arousal, expressive behaviour and mental experience.

Question 2

What is the discrete emotions theory?

Answer 2

Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are evolutionarily conserved.

Question 3

What are primary emotions?

Answer 3

Developed by Paul Ekman. Primary emotions are a small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal.

Question 4

What are display rules?

Answer 4

Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.

Question 5

What are cognitive theories of emotion?

Answer 5

Theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking.

Question 6

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 6

Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli. (We run away from the bear thus, we were scared)

Question 7

What is the somatic marker theory?

Answer 7

Theory proposing that we use our “gut instincts’ to help us determine how we should act.

Question 8

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 8

Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.

Question 9

What is the two-factor theory?

Answer 9

Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal, followed by a labeling of that arousal to an emotion.

Question 10

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 10

Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotion.

Question 11

What is non-verbal leakage?

Answer 11

Unconscious spillover of emotions into non-verbal behaviour.

Question 12

What are proxemics?

Answer 12

Study of personal space.

Question 13

What is the Pinocchio response?

Answer 13

Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying.

Question 14

What is the GKT?

Answer 14

Guilty knowledge test-alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t.

Question 15

What is an integrity test?

Answer 15

Questionaire that presumably assesses worker’s tendency to steal or cheat.

Question 16

What is positive psychology?

Answer 16

Discpline that has sought to emphasize human strengths.

Question 17

What is defensive pessimism?

Answer 17

Strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes.

Question 18

What is the broaden and build theory?

Answer 18

Theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly.

Question 19

What is the positivity effect?

Answer 19

Tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information as they age. (May have to do with diminished activity of the amygdala, which plays a key role in the processing of negative emotion)

Question 20

What is affective forecasting?

Answer 20

Ability to predict our own and other’s happiness. We are typically poor at this.

Question 21

What is the durability bias?

Answer 21

Belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they actually do.

Question 22

What is flow?

Answer 22

A mental state in which we’re completely immersed in what we’re doing. We tend to be especially happy when in the midst of a flow.

Question 23

What is the hedonic treadmill?

Answer 23

Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances. Our levels of happiness adjust quickly to life situations.

Question 24

What is self-esteem?

Answer 24

Evaluation of our self-worth.

Question 25

What are positive illusions?

Answer 25

Tendencies to perceive ourselves more favourably than others do.

Question 26

What is motivation?

Answer 26

Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction.

Question 27

What is drive reduction theory?

Answer 27

Theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize these aversive states.

Question 28

What is homeostasis?

Answer 28

Equilibrium. Ability of the body to regulate it's internal environment.

Question 29

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Answer 29

Parabola shaped relation. X-axis = Arousal level, Y-axis = Performance. Complex task shift to the left.

Question 30

What are incentive theories?

Answer 30

Theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals.

Question 31

What is the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 31

Model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs.

Question 32

What is glucostatic theory?

Answer 32

Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.

Question 33

What is leptin?

Answer 33

Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used. Obese people are resistant to the effects of leptin.

Question 34

What is a set point?

Answer 34

Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain.

Question 35

What is the internal-external theory?

Answer 35

Theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues (such as seeing people sample food) than by internal cues.

Question 36

What is bulimia nervosa?

Answer 36

Eating disorder characterized by the binge-purge cycle in an effort to lose or maintain weight.

Question 37

What is anorexia nervosa?

Answer 37

Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight.

Question 38

What are the four phases of human sexual response?

Answer 38

Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm (climax) phase and resolution phase.

Question 39

What is the excitement phase?

Answer 39

Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it (like getting a boner).

Question 40

What is the plateau phase?

Answer 40

Phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds.

Question 41

What is the orgasm (climax) phase?

Answer 41

Phase in the human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both women and men.

Question 42

What is the resolution phase?

Answer 42

Phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being.

Question 43

What is proximity?

Answer 43

Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction.

Question 44

What is similarity?

Answer 44

Extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction.

Question 45

What is reciprocity?

Answer 45

Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction.

Question 46

What is passionate love?

Answer 46

Love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one's partner.

Question 47

What is companionate love?

Answer 47

Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness of one's partner.