Chapter 14 - Important Concepts

Question 1

The tendency to attribute too much of other’s behaviour to their dispositions, including their persoanlities, and not enough to the situations they confront

Answer 1

Fundamental attribution error

Question 2

______ acount, in part, for consistencies in our behaviour across both time and situations.

Answer 2

traits

Question 3

Most modern personality research is of this type.

Answer 3

nomothetic approach

Question 4

This approach allows for generalization across individuals, but has limited insight into the unique patterning of attributes within one person

Answer 4

nomothetic approach

Question 5

Most case studies of personality are of this type.

Answer 5

Idiographic approach

Question 6

Hypotheses generated from this approach are often _____ _____.

Answer 6

post hoc

Question 7

What are the three broad influences on personality?

Answer 7

Genetic factors, shared environmental factors, non-shared environmental factors

Question 8

Experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike

Answer 8

Shared environmental factors

Question 9

Experienes that make individuals within the same family less alike

Answer 9

non-shared environmental influences

Question 10

Favouritism in the household or uneven parenting results in what?

Answer 10

non-shared environmental influences

Question 11

What most likely, of the three broad factors, plays the greatest role in personality? The smallest?

Answer 11

genetics

shared environmental factors

Question 12

When do shared environmental factors play a role in personality?

Answer 12

Play some role in childhood personality, but this role generally dissipates as we grow older.

Question 13

When do shared environmental factors play a role in personality?

Answer 13

Play some role in childhood personality, but this role generally dissipates as we grow older.

Question 14

What evidence suggests a genetic influence on persoanlity?

Answer 14

Identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternals reared apart.
Adopted children resembler their biological parents more than their adoptive parents.

Question 15

Does birth order matter for personality?

Answer 15

Probably not

Question 16

Molecular genetic studies rest on what two premises?

Answer 16

1 - Genes code for proteins that in turn influence NT functioning
2 - the function of many NTs is associated with certain personality traits

Question 17

From Freud, we know believe that:
1 - _______ have meaning
2 - Experiences in ________ can influence ________ behaviour
3 - There is meaning behind a _____ of the ______
4 - Talking about your problems can _______ them

Answer 17

dreams
childhood, adult
slip, tongue
relieve

Question 18

How did Freud change his stance from believing that mental disorders were physiologically caused?

Answer 18

Worked under Charcot who was treating patients with grande hysteria
- physiology could not explain the symptoms

Question 19

What are the three core assumptions of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 19

1 - Psychic determinism
2 - Symbolism
3 - Unconscious motivation

Question 20

The assumption that all psychological events have a cause.

Answer 20

Psychic determinism

Question 21

No action is meaningless

Answer 21

Symbolism (although even strict Freudians agree that not all behaviours are symbolic)

Question 22

We rarely understand why we do what we do, although we quite readily cook up explanations for our actions after the fact

Answer 22

unconscious motivation

Question 23

Dreams, neurotic symptoms and Freudians slips are all related to what?

Answer 23

Psychic determinism

Question 24

Freud hypothesized that the human psyche consists of three agencies or components. What are they?

Answer 24

Id, ego, superego

Question 25

The desires that provide much of the driving force for our behaviours.

Answer 25

Id

Question 26

Entirely unconscious - contains libido and aggressive drive

Answer 26

Id

Question 27

Contains the sense of right and wrong we've internalized from our interactions with society, particularly our parents

Answer 27

superego

Question 28

People with overdeveloped supergos are _____-prone while those who have lower superegos feel relatively _____-free and are at risk of developing a ___________ personality.

Answer 28

guilt guilt psychopathic

Question 29

Interacts with the real world and finds ways to resolve the competing demands of the other two psychic agencies

Answer 29

ego

Question 30

Psychological distress comes from what, according to Freud?

Answer 30

Conflicts between the three psychological agencies

Question 31

How do dreams fit into Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 31

Dreams are the manifestation of the Id's desires hidden in symbolism by the ego and superego.

Question 32

According to psychoanalysts, not all dreams are ___________.

Answer 32

universal

Question 33

The principal function of the ego is to contend with _______ from the _______ world.

Answer 33

threats | outside

Question 34

In some cases, we cannot do much to correct threats from the outside world, so we must change our perception of it. In these cases, our ego engages in what?

Answer 34

defence mechanisms

Question 35

Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

Answer 35

defence mechanisms

Question 36

What is the cause of infantile amnesia, according to Freud.

Answer 36

Early childhood is too anxiety-provoking for us to remember it fully because we use repression to forget it.

Question 37

Denial is found mostly in what type of people?

Answer 37

Those with psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia

Question 38

Sucking your thumb or biting your nails is an example of what?

Answer 38

Regression

Question 39

A mid-life crisis would be an example of what?

Answer 39

regression

Question 40

According to Freud, homophobes that are actually more aroused by other men are undergoing what?

Answer 40

reaction-formation

Question 41

Using a punching bag instead of your coworker is an example of what?

Answer 41

Displacement

Question 42

Wanting to hurt other people and thus becoming a pro fighter or joining the army is an example of what?

Answer 42

sublimation

Question 43

According to Freud, _______ can occur because children were either deprived of sexual gratification or excessively gratified during that stage.

Answer 43

fixation

Question 44

The oral stage is from ______ to __/___ months.

Answer 44

birth to 12-18 months

Question 45

In the oral stage, infants obtain sexual gratification by _______ and _______.

Answer 45

sucking and drinking

Question 46

Orally fixated adults tend to react to stress how?

Answer 46

Become intensely dependent on others impatient and demanding prone to unhealthy oral activities - smoking, overeating, drinking excessively

Question 47

The anal stage goes from ____ months to ___ years.

Answer 47

18 months - 3 years

Question 48

Anally fixated adults tend towards what?

Answer 48

Excessive neatness, rules, stinginess or towards loafing and messiness and aggression

Question 49

What is the most important psychosexual stage in Freud's theory?

Answer 49

Phallic stage

Question 50

How is the Oedipus complex resolved?

Answer 50

Befriend Daddy

Question 51

What is penis envy?

Answer 51

Girl desires to possess a penis like daddy

Question 52

When does the phallic stage take place?

Answer 52

3-6 years of age

Question 53

when does the genital stage start?

Answer 53

around age 12

Question 54

When does the latency stage take place?

Answer 54

6-12 years of age

Question 55

in the latency stage, most boys and girls fiind members of the _________ sex appaling

Answer 55

opposite

Question 56

If serious problems were not resolved, difficulties in forming what will occur?

Answer 56

establishing intimate love attachments

Question 57

What were the 5 major criticisms to psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 57

Unfalsifiability Failed predictions questionable conception of the unconscious Reliance on unrepresentative samples Flawed assumption of shared environmental influence

Question 58

What was an issue with his reliance on unrepresentative samples?

Answer 58

Low external validity | Methods of inquiry were idiographic but his theory was nomothetic

Question 59

What is the best insight of Freud that has stood the test of time?

Answer 59

We are often unaware of why we do what we do.