Chapter 10 - Important concepts

Question 1

Group of people who lived during the same time period.

Answer 1

Cohorts

Question 2

Phenomenon in which an animal such as a goose will follow around the first, large moving object they see

Answer 2

imprinting

Question 3

The ability of a child to understand that someone other than them may know something they do not and, conversely, that they may know something others do not

Answer 3

Theory of mind

Question 4

Human development is a two-way street.
Children’s experiences influence their development, but their development also influences their experiences.
What is this phenomenon?

Answer 4

Bidirectional influences

Question 5

What is the major problem of cross-sectional designs?

Answer 5

Doesnt take into account cohort effects

Question 6

Longitudinal designs are able to determine true ________ _______: changes over time within individuals as a consequence of growing older.

Answer 6

development effects

Question 7

What are some reasons that longitudinal designs are not used?

Answer 7

Costly
Time-consuming
Not an experimental design (cannot infer cause and effect)

Question 8

Behaviours such as breaking rules, defying authority figures, and commiting crimes.

Answer 8

Externalizing behaviours

Question 9

Participants dropping out of the study before it is completed.

Answer 9

Attrition

Question 10

What are two myths concerning development?

Answer 10

Infant determinism

Childhood fragility

Question 11

Widespread assum;tion that extremely early experiences - especially in the first three years of life - are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults.

Answer 11

infant determinsim (myth)

Question 12

Holds that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged.

Answer 12

Chilhood fragility (myth)

Question 13

Genetic endowment

Answer 13

Nature

Question 14

The environments we encounter

Answer 14

nurture

Question 15

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

Provide the weeks of development.

Answer 15

Germinal stage (0-1 and half weeks), embryonic stage (wk 2-8), fetal stage (9th week onward)

Question 16

Zygote begins to divide and form a blastocyst.

Answer 16

Germinal stage

Question 17

Limbs, facial features, major organs begin to take shape.

Answer 17

Embryonic stage

Question 18

Spontaneous miscarriages happen most often during this stage.

Answer 18

Embryonic stage

Question 19

Major organs established, and physical maturation is the major change.

Answer 19

Fetal stage

Question 20

Brain development occurs ___ days after fertilization and continues to develop into _______ and _____ _________.

Answer 20

18

adolescence/early adulthood

Question 21

Occuring from day 18 to the end of month 6 where the development of neurons occurs at a high rate.

Answer 21

Proliferation

Question 22

What are obstacles to normal fetal development?

Answer 22

1) Teratogens
2) Genetic disorders and errors in cell duplication
3) Premature birth

Question 23

What is premature birth?

Answer 23

Birth prior to 36 weeks (gestation)

Question 24

Point at which infants can typically survive on their own.

Answer 24

25 weeks

Question 25

Automatic motor behaviours

Answer 25

reflexes

Question 26

Theories of cognitive development can be of two types (4 technically), these are?

Answer 26

Stage-like or continuous | Domain general or domain specific

Question 27

Sudden spurts of knowledge followed by periods of stability

Answer 27

stage-like

Question 28

gradual, incremental gain of knowledge

Answer 28

continuous

Question 29

Cross-cutting changes in children's cognitive skills that affect most or all areas of cognitive function at once

Answer 29

domain-general

Question 30

Children's cognitive skills develop independently and at different rates across different domains, such as reasoning, language, and counting

Answer 30

domain-specific

Question 31

According to Piaget, cognitive change is marked by _________: maintaining a balance between our experience of the world and our thoughts about it.

Answer 31

equilibration

Question 32

According to Piaget, chidlren use two processes to keep their thinking about the world in tune with their experiences. What are they?

Answer 32

Assimilation and accomodation

Question 33

All four-legged furry creatures are cats.

Answer 33

Assimilation

Question 34

Process of assimilating and accomodating in tandem ensures a state of harmony between the world and mind of the child.

Answer 34

Equilibration

Question 35

The ability to think about things that are absent from the immediate surroundings, such as remembering previously encoutered objects.

Answer 35

mental representation/object permanence

Question 36

``` Children in the pre-operational stage: Time frame? Stage hampered by? What do they lack? What is the major milestone? ```

Answer 36

2-7 Egocentrism Lack ability to perform mental operations (cannot pass conservation tasks) Conservation

Question 37

Children in the Concrete operations stage: Time frame? What do they lack?

Answer 37

7-11 | Lack ability to perform mental operations in hypothetical situations

Question 38

Children in the sensorimotor stage: Time frame? What do they lack? What is needed to leave this stage?

Answer 38

0-2 object permanence (early) need to develop mental representation

Question 39

Individuals in the formal operations stage can understand what type of statements?

Answer 39

If-then and either-or

Question 40

What are issues with Piaget's theory?

Answer 40

Theory was stage-like but most development is continuous | Horizontal decalage - difficult to falsify

Question 41

Case in which a child is more advanced in one cognitive domain than in the other

Answer 41

Horizontal decalage

Question 42

Piaget's theory was domain-________ and ________.

Answer 42

domain general and stage-like

Question 43

As a result of Piaget's legacy, psychologists have reconceptualized cognitive development by: Viewing children as different in ______ rather than ______ from adults Characterize learning as _____ rather than ______ processes Exploring general cognitive processes may cut across multiple domains of knowledge

Answer 43

kind, degree | active, passive

Question 44

Piaget emphasized ________ interaction with the world as the primary source of learning; Vygotsky emphasized ________ interaction.

Answer 44

physical | social

Question 45

Modern theories resembling Piaget's in that they emphasize general cognitive abilities and acquired rather than innate knowledge.

Answer 45

General cognitive accounts

Question 46

How do general cognitive accounts differ from Piaget's original theory?

Answer 46

Regard learning as gradual, rather than stage-like

Question 47

Emphasize social context and the way in which caretakers or peers guide children's understanding of the world.

Answer 47

sociocultural accounts

Question 48

Along with Vygotsky, these accounts ahre a focus on the child's interaction with the social world as the primary source of development.

Answer 48

Sociocultural accounts

Question 49

Modular accounts are more similar to who?

Answer 49

Vygotsky

Question 50

Tests children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong.

Answer 50

false-belief task

Question 51

the false-belief task relates most to what?

Answer 51

Theory of mind