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Psychology > Psychology - Chapter 10: Developmental Psychology - important concepts > Flashcards

Psychology - Chapter 10: Developmental Psychology - important concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe bi-directional influences and how these relate to human development.

A

Human development is a two-way street.

Experiences affect development and development influences experiences.

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2
Q

What is the major problem with cross-sectional designs?

What design rectifies this?

A

Cohort effects

Use longitudinal designs to get around this

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3
Q

Longitudinal effects measure what?

Describe.

A

True developmental effects:

- changes over time within individuals as a consequence of growing older

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4
Q

What are issues with longitudinal studies?

A

Costly and time-consuming

Not experimental designs - cannot infer cause and effect

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5
Q

What are externalizing behaviours?

A

Behaviours such as breaking rules, defying authority figures, and committing crimes.

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6
Q

What is attrition?

A

Participants dropping out of the study before it is completed.

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7
Q

What are two myths concerting development?

A

Infant determinism

Childhood fragility

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8
Q

What is infant determinism?

A

Assumption that early experiences - especially the first three years of life - are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults

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9
Q

What is childhood fragility?

A

Holds that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged

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10
Q

What is nature?

Nurture?

A

Nature - genetic endowment

Nurture - the environments we encounter

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11
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

What time frames do they run from?

A

Germinal stage - 0-2 weeks
Embryonic stage - 22ndd-9th weeks
Fetal stage - 9th week onward

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12
Q

Describe, briefly, the germinal stage.

A

Zygote begins to divide and double to form a blastocyst

During middle of week, cells begin to differentiate and organs start to develop

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13
Q

Describe, briefly, the embryonic stage.

A

2-9 week
Limbs, facial features, major organs begin to take shape
Spontaneous miscarriages occur most often during this period

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14
Q

Describe the fetal stage.

A

9th week
- embryo becomes a fetus
Major organs established
Physical maturation of fetus

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15
Q

When does brain development occur?

A

18 days after fertilization until late adolescence/early adulthood

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16
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Development of neurons at a very high rate

occurs from day 18 to then end of month 6

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17
Q

What are the obstacles to normal fetal development?

A

1 - Exposure to hazardous environmental influences
2 - Biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division
3 - Premature birth

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18
Q

What is premature birth?

A

Birth prior to 36 weeks gestation

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19
Q

What is the viability point?

A

Point at which infants can typically survive on their own - 25 weeks (typically)

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20
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic motor behaviour

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21
Q

What are stage like theories of cognitive development?

A

Characterized by sudden spurts of knowledge followed by periods of stability

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22
Q

What are domain general theories of cognitive development?

A

Children’s cognitive development affects most areas of cognitive function at once.

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23
Q

What are continuous theories of cognitive development?

A

Gradual, incremental changes in understanding occur over time.

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24
Q

What are the ways in which cognitive theories of development differ?

A

1 - Stage-like vs. continuous
2 - Domain-general vs. domain-specific
3 - Primary source of learning:
- physical experience, social interaction, biological maturation

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25
What are the different perceived primary sources of learning according to theorists of cognitive development?
Biological maturation Physical experiences Social interaction
26
Piaget's model had cognitive change marked by what? | Describe it.
Equilibration - maintaining a balance between our experiences of the world and our thoughts about it - Process of assimilation and accomodation lead to equilibration
27
What are the stages of development, according to Piaget. Provide the age spans as well.
1 - Sensorimotor stage - 0-2 years 2 - Preoperational stage - 2-7 years 3 - Concrete operations stage - 7-11 4 - Formal operations stage - 11-further
28
What do children in the sensorimotor stage lack? What do they focus on? What is the major milestone for this stage?
Lack object permanence Focus on the here and now Major milestone - mental representation
29
What is mental representation?
The ability to think about things that are absent from the immediate surroundings, such as remembering previously encountered objects
30
What do children in the preoperational stage use as representations of ideas? What is this stage hampered by? What is this stage characterized by? What tasks are done here?
Language, objects, drawings (can be used as representations of ideas) Stage hampered by egocentrism Stage characterized by inability to perform mental operations Conservation tasks
31
Children in the concrete operations stage can now pass what? What other tasks can they do? What is the stage characterized by? What are they poor at?
Can now pass conservation tasks Can complete organization tasks Stage characterized by ability to perform mental operations on physical events only. Poor at performing mental operations on hypothetical situations.
32
A con of Piaget's theory is that much of the development is more ______ rather than ______.
Continuous rather than stage-like
33
What was Piaget's attempt to explain the domain-general cases? What was the issue with this?
Horizontal decalage: cases in which a child is more advanced in one cognitive domain than another. Difficult to falsify
34
Psychologists today, due to Piaget's influence, have reconceptualized cognitive development by what? (3 things)
1 - Children are viewed different in kind rather than degree 2 - Learning is active, rather than passive 3 - more domain specific than general
35
Piaget emphasized what as the primary source of learning? | Vygotsky?
Physical interaction - Piaget | Social interaction - Vygotsky
36
General cognitive accounts are more similar to whose theory? | How are they different?
Similar to Piaget in that they emphasize general cognitive abilities and acquired (Rather than innate) knowledge. Differ: - gradual rather than stage-like
37
Sociocultural accounts resemble whose theory most closely?
Vygotsky
38
Modular accounts emphasize what type of learning?
Domain-specific
39
What are naive physics?
A young child's basic understanding of how physical objects behave
40
What is a false-belief task?
Tests children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong. - (Test: child hides candy in one place, moves away, mother moves them to a different place. Ask the tested child where the fictional child would look for the candy)
41
What are the three temperamental styles according to Thomas and Chess?
Easy infants - adaptable and relaxed Difficult infants - fussy and easily frustrated Slow-to-warm-up infants - disturbed by new stimuli at first, but gradually adjust to them Rest
42
What is the additional temperamental style, not proposed by Thomas and Chess?
Behavioural inhibition - scaredy cats
43
Which experiment showed contact comfort?
Rhesus monkey - surrogate mother experiment
44
What are the different attachment styles?
1 - Secure attachment 2 - Insecure-avoidant attachment 3 - Insecure-anxious attachment 4 - Disorganized attachment
45
Describe the infants reaction to the mother leaving and returning for each attachment style.
Secure attachment - infant reacts to mothers departure by being upset, greets her with joy upon return Insecture-avoidant attachment - little reaction when she leaves and returns Insecure-anxious attachment - panics when she leaves, mixed emotions when she returns Disorganized attachment - confused in both cases
46
What are the shortcomings of the strange situation?
- Mono-operation bias - relies on a single measure to draw conclusions - not very reliable
47
What are the different parenting styles?
Permissive Authoritarian Authorative Uninvolved
48
Describe permissive parenting styles.
- Lenient - use discipline sparingly - shower kids with affection
49
Describe authoritarian parenting styles.
- Strict - allow little time for free play/exploration - Punish children when they don't respond accordingly - little affection shown
50
Describe authoritative parenting styles.
- Supportive of children - set clear and firm limits (mix of authoritarian and permissive)
51
Describe uninvolved parenting styles.
Neglectful parents | Ignore children
52
Which parenting style is best in individualistic countries? | Collectivist?
Authoritative | Authoritarian
53
Which is worse for children's development? | When parents have mild conflict before divorce, or more conflict?
Mild
54
What is delay-of-gratification task? | What does it predict?
Children can get a bigger reward if they wait longer. | Predicts superior coping ability with frustration as adolescents.
55
What is sex segregation?
Children's understanding that they fit better with their same sex.
56
What is an identity crisis?
Confusion most adolescents experience regarding their sense of self
57
What is a psychosocial crisis?
Dilemma concerning our relations to other people.
58
What is role experimentation?
Period during which emerging adults struggle to find out their identities and life goals
59
What are moral dilemmas?
Situations in which there are no clear right or wrong answers
60
What is objective responsibility?
Children in the concrete operations stage will evaluate a person by how much harm they've done
61
What is subjective responsibility?
In the formal operations stage, children tend to evaluate people in terms of their intentions to produce harm
62
What were Kohlberg's different levels of morality? | What was the focus for each?
Preconcentional morality - focus on punishment/reward Conventional morality - focus on societal values Post-conventional morality - focus on internal moral principles transcending society
63
Other than chronological age, what are four other indices that can be used? Briefly describe.
Biological age - based on how well the organs work Psychological age - capacity to deal with stressors of an ever-changing environment Functional age - person's ability to function in given roles in society Social age - whether people act according to social behaviours typical of their age

Psychology (51 decks)

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