Chapter 13 - Important concepts

Question 1

Research shows that we tend to believe that others, but not ourselves, are vulnerable to _______ influence.

Answer 1

social

Question 2

What are cliques?

Answer 2

Groups that include in-group members and exclude out-group members.

Question 3

According to Antrhopologist Robin Dunbar, what is the approximate size of most human social groups?

Answer 3

150 people

Question 4

_____ proposed that our highly social brains are predisposed to forming interpersonal netweorks that are large, but with a ______.

Answer 4

Dunbar

limit

Question 5

Humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections.

Answer 5

Need to belong theory

Question 6

According to the need to belong theory, we seek out ______ bonds when we can, and suffer negative ________ and _______ consequences when we cannot.

Answer 6

social

psychological, physical

Question 7

What supports the need to belong theory?

Answer 7

Research on inmates in solitary confinement suffer from more mood and anxiety problems

• fMRI scans
• threat of social isolation leads us to behave in self-destructive ways and evn impair our mental functioning

Question 8

fMRI scans indicate that upon experiencing the sting of social rejection, participants displayed pronounced activation in a brain region called the _________ _________, which becomes active during ________ _______.

Answer 8

cingulate cortex

physical pain

Question 9

Virtually all social influence processes are ________ under most circumstances

Answer 9

adaptive

Question 10

When we compare ourselves to people who seem superior to us in some way, we engage in what?

Answer 10

Upward social comparison

Question 11

When we compare ourselves with others who seem inferior to us in some way, we engage in what?

Answer 11

Downward social comparison

Question 12

Describe the phenomena of social contagion.

Answer 12

Social behaviour is often contagious.

Question 13

Phenonemon in which many people simultaneously come to be convinced of bizarre things that are false.

Answer 13

collective dellusions

Question 14

When are we most likely to engage in social comparison?

Answer 14

When a situation is ambiguous

Question 15

Differentiate between internal and external attributions.

Answer 15

Internal - behaviour due to traits

External - due to situational factors

Question 16

When are we less likely to engage in the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 16

If we have been in a similar situation ourselves

If we have been encouraged to be empathetic toward others

Question 17

The fundamental attribution error is peculiar in that we only use it when…?

Answer 17

we explain OTHER’s behaviours

Question 18

Describe a study that provided support for the fundamental attribution error.

Answer 18

Study that had debaters read randomly assigned speeches - pro or against Castro.
Participants were more likely to consider those who read pro-Castro as communist sympathizers even when knowing the roles were randomly assigned.

Question 19

Describe a study that provided support for the fundamental attribution error.

Answer 19

Study that had debaters read randomly assigned speeches - pro or against Castro.
Participants were more likely to consider those who read pro-Castro as communist sympathizers even when knowing the roles were randomly assigned.

Question 20

What cultures are more/less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 20

Japanese/Chines - less likely

NA - more likely

Question 21

Which researcher completed the first studies on conformity

Answer 21

Asch studies - line lengths

Question 22

undercover agents of the researcher

Answer 22

confederates

Question 23

What were the different independent variables affected conformity rates?

Answer 23

Unanimity
Difference in the wrong answer
Size

Question 24

With increases in unanimity, there were increases in _______.
If someone gave an equally wrong, but different answer, conformity rates _______.
The size of the majority makes a difference up to a certain point (- people), after which it doesnt matter.

Answer 24

conformity
plummeted (decreased)
5-6

Question 25

Curiously, when Asch asked participants to ______ their answers, conformity rates almost completely disappeared.

Answer 25

write

Question 26

Conforming behaviour is associated with activation in the _________, and also in the _______ and _________ lobes.

Answer 26

amygdala | parietal, occipital lobes

Question 27

Who completed deindividuation studies?

Answer 27

Zimbardo - Stanford prison study

Question 28

Deindividuated individuals are more vulnerable to ________.

Answer 28

conformity

Question 29

What are the most prominent factors contributing to deindividuation?

Answer 29

Feeling of anonymity | Lack of individual responsibility

Question 30

An attempt to replicate the prison study was _______. What does it suggests?

Answer 30

unsuccessful - suggests that the effects of deindividuation are not inevitable

Question 31

What is another explanation for the results of the stanford prison study?

Answer 31

Demand characteristics

Question 32

A loss of identity actually makes people more likely to engage in ________ behaviour when others are _______ out.

Answer 32

prosocial, helping

Question 33

People in crowds typically ______ their social interactions to ______ conflict.

Answer 33

limit, minimize

Question 34

What is the phenomenon in which groups sometimes become so intent on ensuring that everyone agrees with everyone else that they lose their capacity to evaluate issues objectively.

Answer 34

groupthink

Question 35

Research shows that when groups combine information from members, they typically rely on ________ knowledge rather than _______ knowledge

Answer 35

common, unique

Question 36

What are some real life examples of groupthink?

Answer 36

NASA space shuttle challenger | Walkerton E. coli water contamination

Question 37

Seeking group concensus isnt always a bad idea, but doing so before all of the _______ is available, is

Answer 37

evidence

Question 38

What are the best ways to avoid groupthink?

Answer 38

Encourage dissent Have independent experts evaluate the decision Hold follow up meetings

Question 39

How do cults promote groupthink?

Answer 39

1 - Persuasive leader 2 - Disconnect members from the outside world 3 - Discouraging questioning of group assumptions 4 - Establish training practices that gradually indoctrinate members

Question 40

Contrary to popular belief, most cult members are psychologically _______. Sucicide bombers are not ________ disorderd. All cult members are not _______.

Answer 40

normal mentally brainswashed

Question 41

What is the best defense to cult indoctrination?

Answer 41

Inoculation

Question 42

Cults acquire their influence from a potent combination of both ________ and ________.

Answer 42

conformity, obedience

Question 43

Which study investigated obedience

Answer 43

Stanlye Milgram Paradigm

Question 44

What were the key takeaways from the Milgram Paradigm?

Answer 44

The greater the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter, the less the obedience. Increase in psychological distance between teacher and learner led to higher obedience rates

Question 45

What were the predictors of obedience in the Milgram Paradigm?

Answer 45

Level of moral development (negative correlation) | People with high levels of authoritarianism are more likely to comply.

Question 46

Erroneous belief that bystanders did not help simply because they did not care.

Answer 46

Bystander apathy

Question 47

What is the major limitation that pluralistic ignorance suggests is the issue to intervening?

Answer 47

First recognizing that a situation is indeed an emergency

Question 48

Pluralistic ignorance is a very good explanation for ___________ situations.

Answer 48

ambiguous

Question 49

What were the Darley and Latane bystander non-intervention studies?

Answer 49

Participants were faced with: 1 - Smoke filling a room 2 - The sound of a woman falling off a ladder 3 - Responding to what sounded like a person having an epileptic seizure

Question 50

People in _______ countries are more susceptible to social loafing.

Answer 50

individualistic

Question 51

What is the best antidote to social loafing?

Answer 51

Make sure everyone in the group is identifiable

Question 52

Can we sometimes egnage in GENUINE altruism?

Answer 52

yes

Question 53

People are more likely to help others when they, themselves, cannot ______ the situation.

Answer 53

escape

Question 54

What type of people are more likely to help in emergencies?

Answer 54

People in a good mood Extroverts Those with lifesaving skills People who throw social approval out the window

Question 55

Phenomenon that we are especially likely to lash out aggressively towards those who provoked us.

Answer 55

Interpersonal provocation

Question 56

External cues related to violence that makes us more likely to act violently in response to provocation.

Answer 56

aggressive cues

Question 57

______, a situation when our ANS is hyped up, makes us more likely to be aggresive.

Answer 57

arousal

Question 58

_________ and other drugs and increases in ________ makes us more likely to act aggressively.

Answer 58

Alcohol | Temperature

Question 59

What are personality traits that increases aggresion?

Answer 59

negative emotions (irritabiliy/mistrust), impulsivity lack of closeness to others

Question 60

What is the sex difference in aggression?

Answer 60

higher levels of physical aggresiveness in males | Females display higher relational aggression

Question 61

What are cultural differences in physical aggression?

Answer 61

Asian individuals have lower rates than western individuals

Question 62

What is a culture of honour?

Answer 62

People from the Southern US are more likely to adhere to a culture of honour - defend one's reputation in the face of perceived insults.

Question 63

Conclusion regarding factual evidence.

Answer 63

Belief