Radio Ch 1,2,3,5 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Who discovered x-rays
A
Wilhelm Conrad roentgen
2
Q
What year were x-Rays discovered
A
1895 W. C. Roentgen
3
Q
What is one of the most important uses of dental images
A
Detection
4
Q
Year of panoramic imaging introduction (long come parallel tech)
A
1948 F. G. Fitzgerald
5
Q
Year of bite-wing technique introduction (first text)
A
1925 H. R. Raper
6
Q
Year of intraoral digital imaging introduction (first X-ray tube)
A
1913 W. D. Coolidge
7
Q
Year of cone-beam computed tomography introduction
A
1998 General Electric
8
Q
Year of first dental x-ray machine
A
1923 Victor X-Ray Corp
9
Q
Year of F-speed film introduction
A
2000 General Electric
10
Q
Year of first dental radiograph (on person)
A
1896 C. Edmund Kells
11
Q
The appearance of x-rays are….
A
Invisible
12
Q
Do x-Rays have mass
A
No
13
Q
Do x-rays have charge
A
No
14
Q
How fast do x-rays travel
A
The speed of light
15
Q
What size are x-Ray wavelengths
A
Short
16
Q
What frequency are x-ray wavelengths
A
High
17
Q
Can the travel path of x-rays be deflected
A
Yes
18
Q
Can x-Rays be focused to a point
A
Yes
19
Q
Can x-rays penetrate liquids solids gases etc
A
Yes
20
Q
Are x-rays absorbed by matter
A
Yes
21
Q
Do x-rays cause ionization
A
Yes
22
Q
Can x-Rays cause fluorescence
A
Yes
23
Q
Can x-Rays cause biological changes in living cells
A
Yes
24
Q
Low contrast in an image results from/in
A
Long scale contrast with many shades of gray
25
High contrast images result from/in
Short scale contrast with few shades of gray
26
Short scale contrast results from
High kV
27
Long scale contrast results from
Low kV
28
What is the range of kV currently used in dental imaging
65-100
29
What is the range of mA used in dental imaging
7-15
30
What's the formula used to calculate the inverse square law
Og intensity=new dist 2
| New intensity og dist 2
31
What does the diameter of a collimated x-ray beam have to be restricted to
2.75 inches at the patients skin
32
What angle should the radiographer stand at by the beam
90-135
33
What is the MPD for occupation ally exposed persons
50 mSv/year
34
What is the MPD for nonoccupationally exposed persons
1 mSv/year
35
Radiation
Form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles
36
X-radiation
High-energy radiation produced by collision of beam of electrons with metal target in tube
37
X-Ray
Beam of energy that can penetrate substances and record image shadows on receptors
38
Radiology
Science/study of radiation
39
Radiograph
Image/picture produced on receptor by exposing ionizing radiation
40
McCormack
Used paralleling tech in practical dentistry
41
Morton
Exposed first dental radiograph in U.S. (Skull)
42
Price
Introduced bisecting tech
43
Rollins
Wrote first paper on danger of xradiation
44
Year D-speed films introduced
1955
45
Year come beam scanners available in u.s.
2001
46
What results when matter is altered
Energy
47
What is the fundamental unit of matter
Atom
48
What are the two parts of an atom
Central nucleus and orbiting electrons
49
How are electrons maintained in their orbit
The electrostatic force
50
Neutron
In the nucleus has no charge
51
Ionization
Production of ions/process of converting an atom into ions
52
Radioactivity
Unstable atoms spontaneously disintegrate to attain balance
53
Electromagnetic radiation
Propagation of wavelength energy through space or matter
54
Metal housing
Metal body surrounding X-ray tube and tubehead protects X-ray tube
55
Tubehead seal
Aluminum or leaded glass covering of tubehead permits exit of X-rays/filter
56
Transformer
Alters voltage of incoming electricity
57
Aluminum disks
Filters out longer wavelengths
58
Lead collimator
Restricts size of beam
59
Leaded glass housing
Prevents X-rays from escaping in all directions
60
Copper stem
Dissipates heat away from tungsten target
61
Amperage
Measurement of number of electrons moving through conductor
62
Voltage
Measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from negative to positive pole
63
Step 1 of X-ray production
X-ray machine turned on by electricity supplied from wall outlet that travels through panel through extension arm to the tubehead
64
Step 2 of X-ray production
The filament circuit and step down transformer are activated starting at 110-220 and being reduced to 3-5 V
65
Step 3 of X-ray production
The filament circuit heats the tungsten filament and the electrons shell gains enough heat to produce an electron cloud near the filament
66
Step 4 of X-ray production
The high voltage circuit is activated by the push of the exposure button that shoots the electrons over to the anode directed by the molybdenum cup
67
Step 5 of X-ray production
Electrons hit tungsten target and convert into X-ray energy 1% X-ray 99% lost heat
68
Step 6 X-ray production
Heat is absorbed by insulating oil. Select X-rays are directed out of the unleaded glass housing.
69
Step 7 X-ray production
X-rays pass through unleaded glass window, tubehead, and aluminum disks. Disks filter longer wavelengths
70
Step 8 X-ray production
Beam is restricted by lead collimator through the PID where they exit the tubehead
71
Primary radiation
Penetrating X-ray beam
72
Secondary radiation
When primary beam interacts with matter
73
Which electrons have greatest binding energy
Kshell
74
2 or more atoms joined by chemical bond
Molecule
75
What are not particulate radiation
Nucleons
76
Not a type of electromagnetic radiation
Electrons
77
What regulates flow of electrical current to filament
Low voltage circuit
78
What is 70% of all X-ray energy produced at anode
Characteristic radiation
79
What occurs at 70 kV or higher/ small amount of X-rays produced
General radiation
80
What's primary radiation
Radiation that exits tubehead
81
What controls the quality of the X-ray beam
Kilovoltage
82
A higher kilovoltage produces X-rays with....
Greater energy levels, shorter wavelengths, more penetrating ability
83
Unit of measurement for amount of electric current in X-ray tube
Ampere
84
Increasing milliamperage results in an increase in....
Temp of filament and number of produced X-rays
85
Density
Overall image darkness
86
Decreased kilovoltage results in what
Lighter picture
87
Contrast
Dark and light differentiation
88
Increased milliamperage results in
Increased density
89
Half value layer
Amount of lead that restricts the diameter of the beam by half
90
Inherent filtration
Comes before aluminum disks (glass window, insulating oil, tubehead seal) equals .5-1 mm of aluminum
91
Total filtration
Inherent and added filtration combined. Below 70kV 1.5 mm above 70kV 2.5mm
92
ALARA
As low as reasonably achievable
93
Not a component of inherent filtration
A lead PID
94
Most effective method of reducing patient exposure
Fast film
95
PID most effective for reducing exposure
Rectangular
96
Device restricts size/shape of X-ray
Collimator
97
Formula for cumulative occupational dose
(N-18)X5 rem/year
