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Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman > Somatic Senses and Special Senses 19 > Flashcards

Somatic Senses and Special Senses 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

List our Somatic senses

A

Tactile: touch, pressure, vibration
Thermal (warm, cold)
Pain
Proprioception (joint, muscle position sense; movements of limbs, head)

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2
Q

Conscious or subconscious awareness of change in external or internal environment. What does this feedback loop require

A

Stimulus
Sensory receptor
Neural pathway
Brain region for integration

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3
Q

What senses are included in Rapid adaptation

A

pressure, touch, smell

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4
Q

Which senses are included in slow adaptation

A

pain, body position, chemical levels in blood

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5
Q

__________ decreased receptor response during prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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6
Q

Which type of sensory receptors feel Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch receptors

A

Free nerve endings

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7
Q

Which type of sensory receptors feel Touch pressure, and vibration

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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8
Q

Which type of sensory receptors feel Hair cells in inner ear & Photoreceptors in retina of eye

A

Separate, specialized cells:

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9
Q

What are Mechanoreceptors

for

A

Cell deformation: stretching or bending

Touch, pressure, vibration

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10
Q

What are Nociceptors for

A

pain

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11
Q

Which senses use Chemoreceptors

A

taste, smell

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12
Q

Which type of receptors use Osmoreceptors

A

osmotic pressure of body fluid

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13
Q

Where in the body are somatic receptors densely distributed

A

Fingertips, lips, tip of tongue

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14
Q

What kind of touch receptors rapidly adapt for touch

A

Meissner corpuscles

Hair root plexuses: detect hair movement

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15
Q

What kind of touch receptors slowly adapt to touch

A

Type I mechanoreceptors: Merkel discs or tactile discs
Surface receptors: in epidermis
Type I mechanoreceptors: Ruffini corpuscles
Deep in dermis and tendons

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16
Q

Pressure receptors

A

Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
rapidly adapting
Widely distributed: in dermis, subcutaneous, around joints, tendons, muscles, periosteum

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17
Q

What kind of receptors respond to Vibration

A

Response to rapidly repetitive stimuli

Receptors: Meissner and pacinian

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18
Q

Itch:

A

chemical stimulation of free nerve endings

Bradykinin from inflammation response

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19
Q

Tickle:

A

from free nerve endings and pacinian corpuscles
Tickle requires stimulus from outside of self
Effects of attempts to tickle oneself are blocked by signals to/from cerebellum

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20
Q

How many kinds of thermoreceptors are there

A

2

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21
Q

Thermal sensations

Where are the cold receptors located, and at what temperature do they detect

A

Cold receptors: 10˚-40˚ C (50-105˚ F):

Located in epidermis

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22
Q

Thermal sensations

Where are the warm receptors located, and at what temperature do they detect

A

Warm receptors: 32˚-48˚ C (90-118˚ F):

Located in dermis

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23
Q

Outside of the ranges at which the thermoreceptors work, what happens if temperatures varie beyond that range

A

Outside these ranges: nociceptors detect pain

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24
Q

Nociceptors:

A

Free nerve endings in every tissue except brain
Can respond to any excessive stimulus
Minimal adaptation

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25
Types of pain
Fast pain: acute, sharp pain Well localized Slow pain: chronic, burning, aching, throbbing More diffuse (not localized)
26
What are the three types of olfactory cells
Olfactory receptors Consist of olfactory hairs with chemoreceptors These are first order neurons of olfactory pathway Supporting cells Epithelial cells: support, protect Basal cells: stem cells that produce new neurons (receptors) throughout life
27
In the olfactory pathway, what are first order neurons
Olfactory receptors are neurons in nasal mucosa Axons form olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) Extend through cribriform plate into cranium to olfactory bulb
28
In the olfactory pathway, what are second order neurons
Neuron cell bodies in olfactory bulb | Olfactory tract: axons extend from olfactory bulb to cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)
29
List the three types of papillae
Vallate (posterior) Fungiform (all over) Filiform: touch receptors only
30
Gustatory receptor cells
Gustatory hair projects from receptor through taste pore
31
Basal cells
Stem cells that produce supporting cells that develop into receptor cells (10 day life span)
32
What are the 3 different types of epithelial cells of the taste bud
Supporting cells that surround Gustatory receptor cells Basal cells
33
What is the sequence of events during the stimulation of a taste receptor
Tastant dissolves in saliva  Enters taste pore  contacts gustatory hair  Electrical signal produced  Causes gustatory cell to release neurotransmitter That activates dendrites of first-order neurons
34
What are the gustatory pathways from sensation to the brain
``` Cranial nerves transmit impulses Facial (CN VII) from anterior of tongue Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) from posterior Vagus (CN X) from pharynx, epiglottis To medulla oblongata  Thalamus  primary gustatory area of cerebral cortex  Limbic system or hypothalamus ```
35
Through which passageway could tears get to your nasal passages
Lacrimal canals  lacrimal sac  nasolacrimal duct  nasal cavity
36
What are the protective sources for the eyesÉ
Eyebrows, eyelashes: protection
37
What is the purpose of eyelids
protection and lubrication (blinking)
38
list the extrinsic muscles of the eyes
Superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
39
Describe the pathway from creation of tears to the surface of the eye
Lacrimal glands  lacrimal ducts  surface of upper eyelid  surface of eye 
40
of the eye, define | Choroid
lines most of internal surface of eye | Contains blood vessels that nourish the eye
41
In the eye, the | Ciliary body consists of
Ciliary processes: secrete aqueous humor | Ciliary muscles: changes lens shape for focusing
42
What is the Smooth muscle that dilates or constricts pupil
iris
43
The retina is composed of 2 layers, what are they
Neural layer | Pigmented layer
44
of the eye, | what is in the neural layer
Photoreceptor layer: rods and cones Bipolar cell layer Ganglion cell layer: axons of neurons here form optic nerve (CN II) that exits eye at optic disc (“blind spot” since no rods/cones here)
45
of the eye what is the pigment layer
helps absorb stray light | Between choroid and neural layer
46
rods
black-and-white vision; 120 million
47
cones
color sensitive; 6 million cones
48
list the 3 types of cones
3 types: sensitive to blue, green or red light
49
where do the majority of cones reside in the eye
Cones mostly in central fovea in center of macula lutea | Point of highest visual acuity (sharpness)
50
vision hits the back of our eyes, what layers does it travel through before the info is sent down the optic nerve
Photoreceptor cells (rods or cones)  Bipolar layer  Ganglion cells; their axons form optic nerve
51
What are the 2 cavities of the eyes and what are they filled with
Anterior cavity filled with aqueous humor | Vitreous chamber: filled with gellike vitreous body (not replaced)
52
Refraction
(bending) of light rays to focus them on retina
53
Accommodation
change of lens shape to focus for near (or far) vision
54
Constriction
(narrowing) of pupil to control amount of light entering the eye
55
Convergence of eyeballs:
for binocular vision
56
Myopia
(nearsightedness): can see near but not far objects. | Eyeball is too long so lens cannot accommodate enough to focus images of distant objects onto retina.
57
in order to see distant objects what must the ciliary muscles do
ciliary muscle relaxes  flat lens
58
for closeup vision, what does the ciliary muscle do
ciliary muscle contracts  fat lens (rounder = more convex)
59
Hyperopia
(farsightedness): can see far but not near. | Eyeball is too short so lens cannot accommodate enough to focus images of near objects onto retina.
60
Astigmatism:
irregular curvature of cornea or lens
61
Presbyopia:
aging change  loss of elasticity of lens  farsightedness  reading glasses
62
Disorders of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia can potentially be corrected by what
These disorders can be corrected with lenses or LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)
63
how does the eye converge
Eyes rotate inward for binocular vision | By contraction of extrinsic eye muscles
64
Vitamin A deficiency decreases ___________ production and leads to night blindness.
rhodopsin
65
In rods light is absorbed by a photopigment _____________ which splits into _______________ and leads  receptor potential.
rhodopsin | opsin + retinal
66
decussation
1 : the action of crossing (as of nerve fibers) especially in the form of an X. 2 : a crossed tract of nerve fibers passing between centers on opposite sides of the nervous system.
67
What is in the outer ear
auricle, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane (ear drum) Canal contains hairs and ceruminous glands
68
what is comprises of the middle ear
``` auditory tube (eustachian tube) and ossicles (bones) Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes: attached to oval window) ```
69
list the names of the middle ear bones
Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes: attached to oval window)
70
What is comprised of the inner ear
bony labyrinth + membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph Cochlea: sense organ of hearing , Vestibule and semicircular canals: organs of balance
71
What does the vestibule consist of | what is it for
Two sacs: utricle and saccule | for balance
72
what are the 3 levels of the cochlea
Cochlear duct: membranous, has endolymph Contains spiral organ (sensory organ for hearing) Above: scala vestibuli: ends at oval window Below: scala tympani: ends at round window
73
What affects our perception of pitch, | where is that located
wavelength | location in cochlea
74
what affects the perception of volume
loudness or intensity of waves
75
Static equilibrium:
senses position relative to gravity | As when head is tilted or a car is speeding up or slowing down
76
Dynamic equilibrium:
senses position in response to head movement | As in spinning movements
77
what are cerumen glands
excrete wax
78
what is our sense organ of hearing
cochlea
79
of the ear, where does the vestibular banch of C8 go to
vestibule and semicircular canals
80
of the ear, where does the cochlear banch of C8 go to
the cochlea
81
where is static equilibrium sensed
Sensed in maculae of utricle and saccule

Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman (28 decks)

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