Test 3 - Topic 13-14 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

_________ : group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other natural populations

species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ - A specific evolutionary pattern where there is a rapid increase in the number of closely related species

Adaptive Radiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adaptive Radiation - A specific evolutionary pattern where there is a rapid _________ in the number of closely related _________

increase

- species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ - An evolutionary pattern where very different organisms show similar characteristics

Convergent Evolution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Convergent Evolution - An evolutionary pattern where very different _________ show similar _________

organisms

- characteristics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ - An evolutionary pattern where individual events cause many branches in the evolution of a group of organisms

Divergent Evolution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Divergent Evolution - An evolutionary pattern where _________ events cause many branches in the evolution of a group of _________

individual

- organisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ : is the process by which local units of a population become reproductively isolated from other units and thus experience changes in gene frequencies

Genetic divergence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Genetic divergence is the process by which local units of a _________ become reproductively isolated from other units and thus experience changes in _________ frequencies

population

- gene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ - reinforce genetic divergence by stopping gene flow (cant move from flint to lansing - something is blocking them)

Isolating mechanisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Isolating mechanisms - reinforce _________ divergence by _________ gene flow (cant move from flint to lansing - something is blocking them)

genetic

- stopping

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Isolation - Isolation mechanisms that take place before the zygote is formed

Pre-zygotic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Isolation - They have different times of reproduction

Temporal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Isolation - Refers to the different patterns of courtship

Behavioral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Isolation - Reproductive organs prevent successful breeding (chiwawa and great dane)

Mechanical

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Isolation - Egg and sperm can not fuse together

Gametic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Isolation - A physical barrier prevents mating

Geographical

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Isolation - Takes place after the zygote is formed

Postzygotic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A _________ is produced -

One hybrid is weak sickly, and dies shortly after birth
One hybrid is strong and healthy but sterile

hybrid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hybrid is produced -

One hybrid is _________ sickly, and dies shortly after birth
One hybrid is _________ and healthy but sterile

weak

- strong

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Speciation - Takes place in the absence of gene flow
(the isolating mechanism is Geographical)
(Allopatric = Different homeland) (physical barrier)

Allopatric

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Allopatric Speciation - Takes place in the absence of gene flow
(the isolating mechanism is _________ )
(Allopatric = Different _________ ) (physical barrier)

Geographical

- homeland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ Speciation - New species arise, sometimes rapidly from a small proportion of individuals within the existing population (Sympatric = Same homeland)

Sympatric

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sympatric Speciation - New species arise, sometimes rapidly from a small proportion of _________ within the existing population (Sympatric = Same _________ )

individuals

- homeland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ - Have more than two chromosomes per trait - (Is considered isolation and instant speciation) [This instant speciation can only happen in plants]

Polyploidy

Polyploidy - Have more than two chromosomes per trait - (Is considered _________ and instant speciation) [This instant speciation can only happen in _________ ]

- isolation | - plants

_________ Speciation - New species form from a small proportion of individuals along a common border between two populations (Usually competing for food) - (Parapatric = Near another homeland) -Gene flow may not be stopped

Parapatric

Parapatric Speciation - New species form from a small proportion of individuals along a common border between two _________ (Usually competing for food) - (Parapatric = _________ another homeland) -Gene flow may not be stopped

- populations | - Near

-Patterns of Speciation- _________ - (Branched Speciation)

Cladogenesis

-Patterns of Speciation- Cladogenesis (Branched _________ )

Speciation

-Patterns of Speciation- _________ - (Unbranched Speciation)

Anagenesis

-Patterns of Speciation- Anagenesis (Unbranched _________ )

Speciation

-Rate of Speciation- _________ - (Darwin) - Changes take place very slowly over generations of time

Gradualism

-Rate of Speciation- _________ - (Gould) - There are periods of rapid speciation where many species evolve followed by time periods with little speciation

Punctuated Equilibrium

-Rate of Speciation- Punctuated Equilibrium - (Gould) - There are periods of rapid _________ where many species evolve followed by _________ periods with little speciation

- speciation | - time

-Rate of Speciation- _________ - When an entire species dies off

Extinction

-Rate of Speciation- _________ Extinction - Rather inevitable loss of species as local conditions change over time

Background

-Rate of Speciation- _________ Extinction - An abrupt disappearance of many species due to catastrophic global events

Mass

_________ - The study of relationships between organisms and their environment

Ecology

_________ - Anything that affects and organism during its lifetime

Environment

_________ - A complex of organisms interacting with one another and with their physical environment

Ecosystem

_________ are open systems - Through which energy flows and Materials are cycled

Ecosystems

_________ require - Energy and nutrient input and generate energy and nutrient output

Ecosystems

_________ cannot be recycled - Most of it is lost as _________ to the environment

- Energy | - heat

_________ on the earth function as systems running on energy from the _________ processed though various organisms

- Regions | - sun

_________ - The living organisms

Biotic

_________ - The physical environment

Abiotic

-Participants in the ecosystem- _________ - Autotrophs that can use sunlight energy to make organic compound

Producers

-Participants in the ecosystem- _________ - Heterotrophs that feed on the tissues of other organisms

Consumers

-Participants in the ecosystem- _________ - Consume plants

Herbivores

-Participants in the ecosystem- _________ - Consume animals

Carnivores

-Participants in the ecosystem- _________ - Consume living host

Parasites

-Participants in the ecosystem- _________ - Consume both plants and animals

Omnivores

-Participants in the ecosystem- _________ - Heterotrophs that get energy from the remains or waste products of other organisms

Decomposers

_________ - (Feeding level)

Trophic Levels

_________ levels are a hierarchy of energy transfers, bluntly stated, "Who eats whom"

Trophic

Trophic levels are a hierarchy of energy transfers, bluntly stated, "_________"

Who eats whom

_________ trophic level - Grass

First

_________ trophic level - Primary consumer (herbivores)

Second

_________ trophic level - Secondary consumer (carnivores)

Third

_________ trophic level - Tertiary consumer - [Top Predator] (Consume everything below it)

Fourth

Traditionally every habitat had its top predator (usually only one) 1) Michigan - _________ 2) African savanna - Lions 3) South-east Asia - _________ 4) Northern Canada - Polar bear

- Wolves | - Tigers

_________ - Feed off all trophic levels

Decomposers

A sequence of who eats whom is called a _________

food chain

Cross-connecting food chains make up _________

food webs

_________ - Total rate of photosynthesis for an ecosystem during a specific time period

Gross primary productivity

_________ - Rate of energy storage in plant tissue in excess of what the plant uses for maintenance growth and reproduction

Net primary productivity

Net primary productivity - Rate of energy storage in plant _________ in excess of what the plant uses for maintenance growth and _________

- tissue | - reproduction

The net primary productivity is what is available for _________ consumption

heterotrophic

Energy flows into the _________

ecosystem

Energy flows from the _______ --> _Plants_ --> _Herbivores_ --> _Carnivore_ -->

_Sun_

Energy leaves the _________ through heat losses generated by _________

- ecosystem | - metabolism

Trophic structure can be diagrammed as a _________ in which producers form a base for successive tiers of _________ above them

- pyramid | - consumers

Pyramids can be of two types - _________ pyramid - _________ pyramid

- Biomass | - Energy

Only about __% of the energy entering each trophic level becomes available to organisms at the next _________ level

- 10 | - trophic

- 100% of the energy enters the _________ - 10% of the 100% is available for the _________ (90% is lost as heat) - 1% of the original 100% is available for the Primary Carnivores (99% is lost as heat) - 0.1% of the original 100% is available for the Top Predators

- Producers | - Herbivores

- 100% of the energy enters the Producers - 10% of the 100% is available for the Herbivores (90% is lost as heat) - 1% of the original 100% is available for the Primary _________ (99% is lost as heat) - 0.1% of the original 100% is available for the _________ Predators

- Carnivores | - Top

Because of the energy loss that is noted as you move up the energy pyramid, "__________________ ", Paul Colinvaux.

Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare

_________ - Ecosystems named for their dominant vegetation and climate

Biomes

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Ice, Freezing, no vegetation

Polar ice cap

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Short growing season long winter, No trees, all waste high vegetation, very cold

Tundra

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Dominated by pine trees, cold

Boreal Forest (taiga)

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Broad leaf trees, Mild summer - mild winter

Temperate Forest

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Prairie, dominated by grasses, Very fertile lands (Bison/antelope eats the trees) (Trees burned out

Temperate Grass Lands

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Succulents (plants that store water) - Very Dry climate

Deserts

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Lush thick vegetation - Humid, Hot

Tropical Rain Forest

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Grasslands with a scattering of trees - Has wet and dry season

Tropical Savanna

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Thorny plants - Dry season and short wet season

Tropical Dry Forest

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Multiple Biomes on the slopes (with elevation)

Mountains

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Has a wet season and very long dry season. Prone to fires - (All around the Mediterranean sea, southern California)

Mediterranean Shrub and Woodland

-Major biomes of the world- _________ - Dominated by conifers

Temperate Rain Forest

-Major biomes of the world- Polar ice cap - Ice, _________ , no _________

- Freezing | - vegetation

-Major biomes of the world- Tundra - Short _________ season, long winter, No _________ , all waste high vegetation, very cold

- growing | - trees

-Major biomes of the world- Boreal Forest (taiga) - Dominated by _________ trees, _________

- pine | - cold

-Major biomes of the world- Temperate Forest - Broad _________ trees, _________ summer - _________ winter

- leaf - Mild - Mild

-Major biomes of the world- Temperate Grass Lands - Prairie, dominated by _________ , Very _________ lands (Bison/antelope eats the trees) (Trees burned out)

- grasses | - fertile

-Major biomes of the world- Deserts - _________ (plants that store water) - Very _________ climate

- Succulents | - Dry

-Major biomes of the world- Tropical Rain Forest - Lush thick _________ - Humid, _________

- vegetation | - Hot

-Major biomes of the world- Tropical Savanna - Grasslands with a scattering of _________ - Has _________ and _________ season

- trees - wet - dry

-Major biomes of the world- Tropical Dry Forest - Thorny _________ - Dry season and short _________ season

- plants | - wet

-Major biomes of the world- Mountains - Multiple Biomes on the _________ (with elevation)

slopes

-Major biomes of the world- Mediterranean Shrub and Woodland - Has a _________ season and very long dry season. Prone to _________ - (All around the Mediterranean sea, southern California)

- wet | - fires

-Major biomes of the world- Temperate Rain Forest - Dominated by _________

conifers

Test 3 - Topic 13-14 Flashcards

(103 cards)