Unit 12

Question 1

monetary assistance usually paid to individuals or businesses by government to reduce the costs of purchases

Answer 1

subsidy

Question 2

making everything the same (like gauges of railroad track)

Answer 2

standardization

Question 3

major railway line between large cities

Answer 3

trunk line

Question 4

one of the 1st businessmen to build trunk lines and standardize RR tracks (NY to Chicago)

Answer 4

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Question 5

process by which blasted air through molten iron made stronger steel

Answer 5

Bessemer Process

Question 6

steel magnate whose steel company used vertical integration to control every phase of the steelmaking process; became major philanthropist after selling company

Answer 6

Andrew Carnegie

Question 7

someone who gives away their own money to charity

Answer 7

philanthropist

Question 8

businessman who bought Carnegie Steel in 1900 for $400 million and formed US Steel

Answer 8

J. P. Morgan

Question 9

largest company in the world in 1900; 1st billion dollar company

Answer 9

US Steel

Question 10

formed Standard Oil and utilized horizontal integration

Answer 10

John D. Rockefeller

Question 11

process by which one company buys out all other companies within the same industry (example: Standard Oil buys up all other oil companies)

Answer 11

horizontal integration

Question 12

process by which one company buys up all other companies RELATED to the production of the parent company’s product (example: Carnegie Steel buys up iron ore mining company, railway company, and steel distributors)

Answer 12

vertical integration

Question 13

negative term used to describe rich capitalists who were supposedly “robbing” the common man by making millions off products they sold

Answer 13

Robber Barons

Question 14

Prohibited any “combination” or “conspiracy” that restrained trade or commerce; never enforced

Answer 14

Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)

Question 15

idea that said business should NOT be regulated by govt, BUT instead by laws of supply and demand

Answer 15

laissez faire (“let it be”

Question 16

idea that said rich people were more “fit” of human species; poor people were “unfit”; said welfare would hurt human species by preserving the “unfit”

Answer 16

Social Darwinism

Question 17

idea that said God wanted rich to be rich; proof was that He gave them superior work ethic

Answer 17

“Gospel of Wealth”

Question 18

invented telegraph

Answer 18

Samuel Morse

Question 19

invented telephone

Answer 19

Alexander Graham Bell

Question 20

invented phonograph, light bulb, generator; set up research facility at Menlo Park, NJ

Answer 20

Thomas Edison

Question 21

idea that to increase efficiency, large jobs were broken into small steps and workers did one thing ALL day

Answer 21

Scientific management/Taylorism

Question 22

union that tried to unite all workers in USA and won 8 hour day for federal govt employees

Answer 22

National Labor Union, 1866

Question 23

union led by Terence Powderley; desired socialist society (more radical); included African-Americans and women

Answer 23

Knights of Labor, 1869

Question 24

union led by Samuel Gompers; concentrated on wages and working conditions (less radical); skilled, white, males

Answer 24

American Federation of Labor

Question 25

riot of radical workers in Chicago in 1886 that caused decline in Knights of Labor

Answer 25

Haymarket Riot

Question 26

pressures workers into accepting management’s offer by locking workers out of job

Answer 26

Lockouts

Question 27

circulating names of pro-union people so they can’t be hired in industry

Answer 27

Blacklists

Question 28

contract that said workers if workers wanted a job, they couldn’t join union

Answer 28

Yellow-dog contracts

Question 29

private guards hired by management to break strikes by force

Answer 29

Pinkerton Guards

Question 30

strike of Pittsburgh steelworkers in 1892 broken by Pinkerton Guards hired by Andrew Carnegie

Answer 30

Homestead Strike, 1892

Question 31

strike by sleeping car workers broken because federal govt intervened on side of management

Answer 31

Pullman Strike, 1894

Question 32

movement of African-Americans north between 1890 and 1930

Answer 32

Great Migration (1890-1930)

Question 33

tightly organized groups of politicians in cities that concentrated on getting party members elected and controlling city politics

Answer 33

Political “machines”

Question 34

Democratic machine boss in New York City in late 19th century; stole tax money and was exposed by Thomas Nast

Answer 34

Boss Tweed

Question 35

political cartoonist of late 19th century

Answer 35

Thomas Nast

Question 36

community houses run usually by young Protestant women that provided social services for poor immigrants in cities

Answer 36

Settlement houses

Question 37

ran Hull House (settlement house in Chicago)

Answer 37

Jane Addams

Question 38

Applying Christian principles to social problems (God wants you to help the poor)

Answer 38

Social Gospel

Question 39

newspaper magnate who sensationalized stories to sell papers (practice yellow journalism)

Answer 39

William Randolph Hearst

Question 40

newspaper magnate who practiced yellow journalism; major literary prize is named after him

Answer 40

Joseph Pulitzer

Question 41

term for industrial age just prior to 1900 (coined by Mark Twain); meant to criticize an age which look good on outside but had problems underneath

Answer 41

Gilded Age