Flashcards in Unit 12 Deck (41):
1
monetary assistance usually paid to individuals or businesses by government to reduce the costs of purchases
subsidy
2
making everything the same (like gauges of railroad track)
standardization
3
major railway line between large cities
trunk line
4
one of the 1st businessmen to build trunk lines and standardize RR tracks (NY to Chicago)
Cornelius Vanderbilt
5
process by which blasted air through molten iron made stronger steel
Bessemer Process
6
steel magnate whose steel company used vertical integration to control every phase of the steelmaking process; became major philanthropist after selling company
Andrew Carnegie
7
someone who gives away their own money to charity
philanthropist
8
businessman who bought Carnegie Steel in 1900 for $400 million and formed US Steel
J. P. Morgan
9
largest company in the world in 1900; 1st billion dollar company
US Steel
10
formed Standard Oil and utilized horizontal integration
John D. Rockefeller
11
process by which one company buys out all other companies within the same industry (example: Standard Oil buys up all other oil companies)
horizontal integration
12
process by which one company buys up all other companies RELATED to the production of the parent company's product (example: Carnegie Steel buys up iron ore mining company, railway company, and steel distributors)
vertical integration
13
negative term used to describe rich capitalists who were supposedly "robbing" the common man by making millions off products they sold
Robber Barons
14
Prohibited any “combination” or “conspiracy” that restrained trade or commerce; never enforced
Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
15
idea that said business should NOT be regulated by govt, BUT instead by laws of supply and demand
laissez faire (“let it be”
16
idea that said rich people were more “fit” of human species; poor people were “unfit”; said welfare would hurt human species by preserving the “unfit”
Social Darwinism
17
idea that said God wanted rich to be rich; proof was that He gave them superior work ethic
“Gospel of Wealth”
18
invented telegraph
Samuel Morse
19
invented telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
20
invented phonograph, light bulb, generator; set up research facility at Menlo Park, NJ
Thomas Edison
21
idea that to increase efficiency, large jobs were broken into small steps and workers did one thing ALL day
Scientific management/Taylorism
22
union that tried to unite all workers in USA and won 8 hour day for federal govt employees
National Labor Union, 1866
23
union led by Terence Powderley; desired socialist society (more radical); included African-Americans and women
Knights of Labor, 1869
24
union led by Samuel Gompers; concentrated on wages and working conditions (less radical); skilled, white, males
American Federation of Labor
25
riot of radical workers in Chicago in 1886 that caused decline in Knights of Labor
Haymarket Riot
26
pressures workers into accepting management’s offer by locking workers out of job
Lockouts
27
circulating names of pro-union people so they can’t be hired in industry
Blacklists
28
contract that said workers if workers wanted a job, they couldn’t join union
Yellow-dog contracts
29
private guards hired by management to break strikes by force
Pinkerton Guards
30
strike of Pittsburgh steelworkers in 1892 broken by Pinkerton Guards hired by Andrew Carnegie
Homestead Strike, 1892
31
strike by sleeping car workers broken because federal govt intervened on side of management
Pullman Strike, 1894
32
movement of African-Americans north between 1890 and 1930
Great Migration (1890-1930)
33
tightly organized groups of politicians in cities that concentrated on getting party members elected and controlling city politics
Political “machines”
34
Democratic machine boss in New York City in late 19th century; stole tax money and was exposed by Thomas Nast
Boss Tweed
35
political cartoonist of late 19th century
Thomas Nast
36
community houses run usually by young Protestant women that provided social services for poor immigrants in cities
Settlement houses
37
ran Hull House (settlement house in Chicago)
Jane Addams
38
Applying Christian principles to social problems (God wants you to help the poor)
Social Gospel
39
newspaper magnate who sensationalized stories to sell papers (practice yellow journalism)
William Randolph Hearst
40
newspaper magnate who practiced yellow journalism; major literary prize is named after him
Joseph Pulitzer
41