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MT6326 > 01 Intro > Flashcards

01 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

A

Immunology

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2
Q

Foreign substances that induce a host response

A

Antigens

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3
Q

The condition of being resistant to infection

A

Immunity

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4
Q

An English country doctor who was able to successfully prevent infection with smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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5
Q

Father of immunology

A

Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

Means to make a pathogen less virulent; takes place through heat, aging, or chemical means

A

Attenuation

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7
Q

Basis for many of the immunizations that are used today

A

Attenuation

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8
Q

A scientist who identified the actual mechanism of phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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9
Q

Demonstrated that diphtheria and tetanus toxins could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the micoorganisms

A

Emil von Behring

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10
Q

Showed that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements and observed opsonins

A

Almroth Wright

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11
Q

Acted to coat bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

A

Opsonins

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12
Q

Serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance that they react specifically with a foreign substance

A

Antibodies

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13
Q

Type of immunity:

No prior exposure is required and the response lacks memory and specificity

A

Innate/natural immunity

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14
Q

Type of immunity:

Considered nonadaptive or nonspecific and are the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed

A

Innate/natural immunity

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15
Q

Type of immunity:

A type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure

A

Adaptive immunity

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16
Q

Type of immunity:

WBCs

A

Innate & adaptive immunity

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17
Q

Type of immunity:

Lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immunity

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18
Q

Give rise to the WBCs that participate in phagocytosis

A

Common myeloid precursors (CMPs)

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19
Q

Lymphocytes arise from ___ and form the basis of adaptive immune response

A

Common lymphoid precursors (CLPs)

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20
Q

WBC:

Represents approximately 50-75% of the total peripheral WBC in adults

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

WBC:

Contain a large number of neutral staining granules when stained with Wright stain

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

When stained with Wright stain, two-thirds of the neutrophils are specific granules, while one-thirds are called ___

A

Azurophilic granules

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23
Q

Granules of the neutrophil that contain antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G, and defensins

A

Azurophilic/ primary granules

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24
Q

Granules of the neutrophil that contain lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory burst components

A

Specific granules

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25
Main function of neutrophils
Phagocytosis
26
Occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues
Margination
27
The process of neutrophils moving from the circulating blood to the tissues
Diapedesis
28
Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction
Chemotaxins
29
WBC: Make up between 1-3% of the circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person
Eosinophils
30
WBC: Their number increases in an allergic reaction or in response to certain parasitic infections
Eosinophils
31
T/F: Eosinophils are able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products
T
32
WBC: Can use cationic proteins to damage cell membranes and kill larger parasites that cannot be phagocytized
Eosinophils
33
WBC: Its most important role is the regulation of the immune response, including regulation of mast cell function
Eosinophils
34
WBC: The least numerous WBCs found in peripheral blood, representing 1% of all circulating WBCs
Basophils
35
WBC: Smallest granulocyte
Basophils
36
WBC: Regulate some T helper (Th) cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce IgE
Basophils
37
Life span of basophils
a few hours
38
WBC: Largest cells in the peripheral blood
Monocytes
39
WBC: Its distinguishing feature is an irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that occupies almost one-half of the entire cell's volume
Monocytes
40
WBC: Stay in peripheral blood for up to 30 hours before migrating to the tissue to mature further
Monocytes
41
T/F: Macrophages contain peroxidase, like its immature counterpart, monocyte
F (they don't contain peroxidase)
42
Give the specific macrophage based on location: Lungs
Alveolar macrophage
43
Give the specific macrophage based on location: Brain
Microglial cells
44
Give the specific macrophage based on location: Bone
Osteoclasts
45
Give the specific macrophage based on location: Connective tissue
Histiocytes
46
T/F: Macrophages are more efficient in phagocytosis compared to neutrophils
F (macrophages has slow motility and some are immobile; neutrophils are more efficient)
47
T/F: The life span of macrophages is in the range of months rather than days
T
48
The killing of macrophages is enhanced when macrophages become activated by contact with microorganisms or with ___
Cytokines
49
Play a major role in the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to T and B cells
Macrophages
49
Releases cytokines during immune response
T lymphocytes
49
Life span of mast cells
9-18 months
50
Play a role in allergic reactions and can also function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Mast cells
51
Can both enhance and suppress the adaptive immune response
Mast cells
52
Considered the most effective APC in the body, as well as the most potent phagocytic cell
Dendritic cell
53
The key cell involved in the adaptive immune response
Lymphocyte
54
WBC: Represent between 20-40% of the circulating WBCs
Lymphocyte
55
WBC: Arise from an HSC and then further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs
Lymphocyte
56
The primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow Thymus
57
The three divisions of the lymphocyte population
T cells (61-80%) B cells (10-20%) Natural killer (NK) cells (10-15%)
58
Lymphocyte: Remain in the environment provided by bone marrow stromal cells
B Cells
59
Lymphocyte: Can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types, namely IgM and IgD
B Cells
60
Surface proteins that appear on the B cell
CD19, CD21, Class II MHC
61
Lymphocyte: Express unique surface markers that allow them to recognize foreign antigens bound to cell membrane protein called MHC molecules
T cells
62
Lymphocyte: Produce cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response
T cells
63
Three main subtypes of T cells
Helper Cytolytic Regulatory
64
The T cell subtypes can be identified by the presence of the __ on their cell surface
CD3 marker
65
T cells bearing the CD4 receptor are mainly either ___ or ___ cells
Helper Regulatory
66
T cells that are CD8-positive population consists of ___
Cytotoxic T cells
67
The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells is approximately ___ in the peripheral blood
2:1
68
Lymphocyte: Do not express the markers of either T cells of B cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
69
Lymphocyte: Have the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them
NK Cells
70
T/F: NK Cells do not require the thymus for development
T
71
CD marker present in NK Cells
CD16, CD56
72
Because of ___, NK cells are able to make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies
CD16
73
Half-life of NK cells
7-10 days
74
Lymphocyte: Play an important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and the adaptive immune response against pathogens
NK Cells
75
Provide a location where contact with foreign antigens can occur
Lymph nodes
76
Lymphophoiesis occurs in the secondary lymphoid tissue and is strictly dependent on ___
Antigenic stimulation
77
The largest secondary lymphoid organ
Spleen
78
Removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood
Spleen
79
Red pulp/ white pulp: Makes up more than one-half of the total volume and its function is to destroy old red blood cells
Red pulp
80
Red pulp/ white pulp: Comprises approximately 20% of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue
White pulp
81
Part of the spleen that is attached to the sheath and contains B cells that are not yet stimulated by antigens
Primary follicles
82
The spleen receives a blood volume of approximately ___
350 mL/minute
83
Serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues
Lymph nodes
84
A filtrate of the blood and arises from passage of water and low MW solutes out of blood vessel walls and into the interstitial spaces between cells
Lymph fluid
85
The lymph fluid flows slowly through spaces called ___
Sinuses
86
An ideal location where phagocytosis can take place as it is lined with macrophages
Sinuses
87
Part of the lymph nodes that consist of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells
Secondary follicles
88
A specialized type of MALT located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract
Peyer's patches
89
T/ B/ NK Cells: Develop in the thymus
T
90
T/ B/ NK Cells: Found in lymph nodes, thoracic duct fluid 60-80% of circulating lymphocyte pool in blood
T
91
T/ B/ NK Cells: Adaptive immunity; end products of activation are cytokines
T
92
T/ B/ NK Cells: Antigens include CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8
T
93
T/ B/ NK Cells: Develop in the bone marrow
B/ NK
94
T/ B/ NK Cells: Found in BM, spleen, lymph nodes, 10-15% of circulating lymphocyte pool in blood
B
95
T/ B/ NK Cells: Adaptive immunity; end product of activation is antibody
B
96
T/ B/ NK Cells: Antigens include CD 19, CD20, CD21 surface antibody
B
97
T/ B/ NK Cells: Found in spleen, liver, 5-15% of circulating lymphocyte pool in blood
NK
98
T/ B/ NK Cells: Innate immunity; lysis of virally infected cells and tumor cells; production of cytokines
NK
99
T/ B/ NK Cells: Antigens include CD16 & CD56
NK

MT6326 (28 decks)

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