3S [LAB]: Overview, Principles, & Applications of Primary Tests

Question 1

Medical science that deals with blood sera, their components, immunologic properties, and reactions

Answer 1

Serology

Question 2

Primary reactions are also known as ___

Answer 2

Receptor-ligand assay

Question 3

Type of immunologic reaction:

Specific recognition and combination of Ag and a corresponding Ab

Answer 3

Primary reactions

Question 4

Type of immunologic reaction:

Conformation of amino acids chain due to interchain hydrogen bonding

Answer 4

Secondary reactions

Question 5

Type of immunologic reaction:

Occur as biologic reactions and involves folding of polypeptide chains through hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds

Answer 5

Tertiary reactions

Question 6

Type of immunologic reaction:

No standard test; used for research purposes

Answer 6

Quaternary tests

Question 7

Immunoassay format that has a solid phase medum

Answer 7

Heterogenous

Question 8

Immunoassay format that requires washing

Answer 8

Heterogenous

Question 9

Immunoassay format that has a liquid phase medium

Answer 9

Homogenous

Question 10

Immunoassay format that allows to make an assay-measurement by a simple mix and read procedure

Answer 10

Homogenous

Question 11

Immunoassay format that requires the use of a separation method to discriminate the free from the bound components

Answer 11

Heterogenous

Question 12

Separation method:

Uses particles to trap small antigens that can either be labeled or not

Answer 12

Adsorption

Question 13

Most commonly used mixture in the adsorption technique of separation

Answer 13

Charcoal & cross-linked dextran

Question 14

Separation method:

Occurs when environment is altered, affecting solubility of protein

Answer 14

Precipitation

Question 15

Separation method:

Used to immobilize reagent antibody or antigen and separate free from bound-labeled reactant after washing

Answer 15

Solid phase

Question 16

Separation method:

Involved in radioimmunoassay

Answer 16

Adsorption

Question 17

Label used in primary reactions with unstable nuclei and emit radiation spontaneously

Answer 17

Radioactive isotope

Question 18

Commonly used radioactive isotopes in the clinical laboratory

Answer 18

125I and 131I

Question 19

Label used in primary reactions that absorb light and becomes transiently excited

Answer 19

Fluorochromes

Question 20

Most commonly used fluorochrome

Answer 20

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)

Question 21

Label used in primary reactions that acts upon the substrate added in the reaction leading to a change that can be measured

Answer 21

Enzymes

Question 22

Substance that is consumed by the enzyme

Answer 22

Substrate

Question 23

Substrate used in alkaline phosphatase enzyme

Answer 23

Phosphate

Question 24

Substrate used in horseradish peroxidase enzyme

Answer 24

H2O2

Question 25

Label used in primary reactions that emits light caused by a chemical reaction, producing an excited molecule that decays back to its original ground state

Answer 25

Chemiluminscence

Question 26

Chemical reaction involved in chemiluminescence

Answer 26

Oxidation reaction

Question 27

T/F: Chemiluminescence can be applicable to both heterogenous and homogenous labelled assays

Answer 27

True

Question 28

An alternative to glutaraldehyde as a coupling indicator label

Answer 28

Streptavidin-biotin/ biotin-avidin

Question 29

Allows avidin to bind to the antibody

Answer 29

Biotin

Question 30

Binds to biotin and is attached to the enzyme conjugate

Answer 30

Streptavidin

Question 31

The measured signal in competitive enzyme immunoassay is ___ proportional to the concentration of analyte in the sample

Answer 31

Inversely

Question 32

The measured signal in noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay is ___ proportional to the concentration of analyte in the sample

Answer 32

Directly

Question 33

Analyte in competitive enzyme immunoassay

Answer 33

Antigen

Question 34

Analyte in noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay

Answer 34

Antigen/ antibody

Question 35

Identify whether competitive or noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay: RIA

Answer 35

Competitive

Question 36

Identify whether competitive or noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay: EMIT

Answer 36

Competitive

Question 37

Identify whether competitive or noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay: FPIA

Answer 37

Competitive

Question 38

Identify whether competitive or noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay: Direct ELISA

Answer 38

Noncompetitive

Question 39

Identify whether competitive or noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay: Indirect ELISA

Answer 39

Noncompetitive

Question 40

Identify whether competitive or noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay: IHC

Answer 40

Noncompetitive

Question 41

Identify whether competitive or noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay: Fluorescence assays

Answer 41

Noncompetitive

Question 42

Highly specific and sensitive assay that involves the use of radioisotopes as its label or marker

Answer 42

Radioimmunoassay

Question 43

Identify the radioactive label: Atoms with unstable nuclei that spontaneously emit radiation

Answer 43

Radionuclides

Question 44

Identify the radioactive label: Nucleus emits negatively charged electrons or positively charged particles

Answer 44

Beta emission

Question 45

Identify the radioactive label: Electromagnetic radiation with very short wavelength originating from unstable nuclei

Answer 45

Gamma emission

Question 46

Radioactivity is measured by a ___

Answer 46

Scintillation counter

Question 47

Homogenous enzyme immunoassay that may detect illegal drugs using urine sample and employs enzymes as the label

Answer 47

Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)

Question 48

In EMIT, the intensity of the colored product is ___ proportional to the concentration of the analyte

Answer 48

Directly

Question 49

A non-classical 2-stage competitive immunoassay that is based on the change in polarization of fluorescent light emitted from a labeled molecule when it is bound by antibody

Answer 49

Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)

Question 50

In FPIA, the degree of fluorescence polarization is ___ proportional to concentration of the analyte

Answer 50

Inversely

Question 51

In competitive ELISA, the enzyme activity is ___ proportional to the concentration of the analyte

Answer 51

Inversely

Question 52

Noncompetitive immunoassay where antigen can be immobilized on the assay plate or in capture assay format

Answer 52

Direct detection

Question 53

Noncompetitive immunoassay wherein an antigen is immobilized in the well of an ELISA plate and is then detected by an antibody directly conjugated to an enzyme such as HRP

Answer 53

Direct ELISA

Question 54

The most popular format for ELISA

Answer 54

Indirect ELISA

Question 55

Noncompetitive immunoassay that uses a labeled secondary antibody for detection

Answer 55

Indirect ELISA

Question 56

Sensitive, robust, and specific noncompetitive immunoassay format that utilizes two antibodies to measure the analyte

Answer 56

Sandwich ELISA

Question 57

Common source of capture antibody in sandwich ELISA

Answer 57

Mice

Question 58

Common source of detector antibody in sandwich ELISA

Answer 58

Rabbit