[S1] LEC: Overview of Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Composed of cells, tissues, and organs that provides the body mechanisms to resist infection and disease
A
Lymphoid system
2
Q
Classification of lymphoid organ where the acquisition of immunocompetency happens
A
Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow & thymus)
3
Q
Classification of lymphoid organ where the encounter of immune cells with antigens happen
A
Secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, MALTs, GALTs, tonsils, etc.)
4
Q
Cell of the immune system:
Mediators of humoral immunity
A
B lymphocytes
5
Q
Cell of the immune system:
Mediators of cell-mediated immunity
A
T lymphocytes
6
Q
APC:
Initiation of T cell responses
A
Dendritic cells
7
Q
APC:
Effector phase of cell-mediated immunity
A
Macrophages
8
Q
APC:
Display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses
A
Follicular dendritic cells
9
Q
Effector cell:
Activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells
A
T lymphocytes
10
Q
Effector cell:
Phagocytosis and killing of microbes
A
Macrophages
11
Q
Effector cell:
Killing microbes
A
Granulocytes
12
Q
Granulocytes fall under ___ immunity
A
Innate
13
Q
The monocyte fall under ___ immunity
A
Innate and acquired
14
Q
The lymphocyte fall under ___ immunity
A
Acquired
15
Q
Monocytes in the tissue are called ___
A
Macrophages
16
Q
One method to distinguish a lymphocyte is through its ___
A
CD marker
17
Q
Surface immunoglobulins in B lymphocyte
A
IgM, IgD
18
Q
CD marker of B cell
A
CD 19, CD20
19
Q
Two common CD marker of both T helper cell and T cytotoxic cell
A
CD2, CD3
20
Q
CD marker of the T cell that forms a rosette formation around the sheep RBC
A
CD2
21
Q
CD marker of the T cell that is complexed with the T cell receptor
A
CD3
22
Q
CD marker of T helper cell
A
CD4
23
Q
CD marker of T cytotoxic cell
A
CD8
24
Q
Subtypes of T helper cell
A
Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg
25
The primary function of this specific T cell is to secrete cytokines
T helper cell
26
T/F: Only immune cells are able to produce cytokines
False (Cytokines can also be produced by endothelial cells and fibroblasts aside from immune cells)
27
Aside from immune cells, cytokines can also be produced by ___ and ___
Endothelial cells and Fibroblasts
28
T cell involved in direct killing once it recognizes antigens
T cytotoxic cell (via apoptosis)
29
Able to capture or acquire antigen and process them to be presented to another cell
Antigen-presenting cells
30
The most efficient APC
Dendritic cells
31
Hallmark of AIDS
<200 CD4
32
MCH class that acts on antigen-presenting cells
Class II
33
Class II MHC will be presented to which specific T cell?
T helper cell
34
CD4 is recognized by which MCH class?
Class II
35
APC that has a humoral immune response
Follicular dendritic cell
36
Cell of the immune system that is capable of direct killing without prior exposure
Natural killer cell
37
CD marker of natural killer cell
CD16, CD56
38
Type of phagocytosis exhibited by neutrophils
Frustrated
39
Neutrophils are also known as ___
Kamikaze cells
40
Macrophage in the brain
Microglia
41
Macrophage in the liver
Kupffer cells
42
Macrophage in the skin
Langerhans cells
43
Fetal macrophages
Hofbauer cells
44
Also called "chemotaxin", this complement peptide is a chemotactic factor of neutrophil
C' peptide - c5a
45
A chemotactic factor of the neutrophil that is present in gram-positive bacteria
Bacterial lipotechoic acid
46
A chemotactic factor of the neutrophil that can release metachromatic granules
Mast cell derived chemotactic peptide
47
Interleukin chemotactic peptide of the neutrophil
Interleukin 8
48
A chemotactic factor of monocyte/macrophage that is able to activate leukocyte and is secreted by platelets and plays an important role in inflammation
RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted)/ CCL5
49
Opsonin receptor present in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages that can recognize the Fc portion of IgG
FcyR - IgG
50
Opsonin receptor present in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages that recognizes complement
Complement receptor 1 (CR1) - C3b
51
Opsonin receptor present in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages that recognizes C-reactive proteins
CRP Receptors
52
Well-studied pattern recognition receptors in the monocyte/macrophage
Toll like receptors
53
T/F: TLR are found in neutrophils
False (present in monocyte/macrophage)
54
Life span of neutrophils
Short lived
55
Life span of monocyte/ macrophage
Long lived
56
T/F: Receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IFNy are present in neutrophils
False
57
T/F: Receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IFNy are present in monocyte/macrophage
True
58
Cell of the innate immune system:
Has a major basic protein
Eosinophil
59
Cell of the innate immune system:
Contain the metachromatic granules mediating inflammation
Basophil
60
Tissue counterpart of the basophil that mediate inflammation
Mast cells
61
Cell of the innate immune system:
Has abundant FcE receptors and has a high affinity to IgE
Mast cells
62
Cell of the innate immune system:
First line of defense against helminthic infection
Eosinophil
63
Cell of the innate immune system:
Regulates the immune response
Eosinophil
64
Cell of the innate immune system:
Smallest granulocyte
Basophil
65
Cell of the innate immune system:
Can enhance and suppress the adaptive immune response
Mast cells
66
Has the most number of Class II MHC molecules
Dendritic cells
67
Most potent phagocytic cell
Dendritic cells
68
Types of dendritic cell
Classical/ Conventional
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
69
Type of dendritic cell that can release type 1 interferon
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
70
T/F: Dendritic cells can also coordinate with T cytotoxic cell
True
71
Process of dendritic cell wherein an antigen presentation pathway is bypassed
Cross priming/ Cross presentation
72
MHC class present in nucleated cells
Class I
73
APC capable of cross priming/ cross presentation
Dendritic cells
74
Organelle responsible for cross priming/ cross presentation
Proteasomes
75
Cytokines that activate NK cells that increases in viral infection and is also produced by macrophages
IL2, IL7, IL12, Interferon a, Interferon B
76
NK cells are also known as ___
Large granular lymphocytes
77
CD marker of NK cell that is involved in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
CD16
78
Coats the target cell to recognize the Fc receptors and destroys the antigen
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxity (ADCC)
79
CD marker of the NK cell that may play an important role in mediating cells
CD56
80
Cytokines that promote NK cells
IL2, IL7, IL12, Interferon a, Interferon B
81
T/F: In viral infections, NK cell is one of the first cells to be activated
True
82
Receptor of NK cell:
Bind to diseased and cancer cells
Killer activation receptors (CD16 & NKG2D)
83
Receptor of NK cell:
Prevent killing of self cells
Killer inhibitory receptors
84
Receptor of NK cell:
Binds to MHC Class I
CD94/ NKG2A
85
Stress molecules that release granzymes and porphyrins and removes Class I MHC molecules to kill the antigen
MICA, MICB
86
T/F: If the cells exhibit abundant Class I MHC molecules, the cell will be killed by the NK cell
False (it will be recognized as a normal cell)
87
An immune response that is stronger in the second exposure
Anamnestic response
88
The process of development of lymphocytes
Ontogeny
89
T-cell differentiation:
Precursor cell
Lymphoid stem cells
90
T-cell differentiation:
Chemokines responsible for cell migration of T-cell from bone marrow to thymus
CD34, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TDT), CD7
91
T-cell differentiation:
Once the chemokines are activated, the precursor cells will enter the ___
Corticomedullary junction
92
T-cell differentiation:
Cells that will enter the corticomedullary junction
Prothymocytes/ T-lymphocyte precursor
93
T-cell differentiation:
How many percent prothymocytes will die in the process?
97%
94
T-cell differentiation:
After entering the corticomedullary junction, the prothymocyte will go to the ___
Cortex
95
T-cell differentiation:
The production of T-cell receptor happens in the ___
Cortex
96
T-cell differentiation:
In the cortex, after prothymocyte, it will turn into ___
Pro-T cells
97
T-cell differentiation:
Pro-T cells are also called ___
Double negative thymocytes
98
T-cell differentiation:
CD markers of thymocytes
CD44, CD25
99
T-cell differentiation:
Marker that promotes the development of cells
IL7
100
T-cell differentiation:
After being a pro-T cell, it will be ___
Pre-T cell
101
T-cell differentiation:
Pre-T cell is also known as ___
Double positive thymocyte
102
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pro-T cell
CD2, CD5, CD7
103
T-cell differentiation:
There is a random rearrangement of the genes that code for the TCR and produces the gamma, delta, alpha, beta chain
Pro-T cells
104
T-cell differentiation:
Chromosome ___ plays an important role in the production of TCR
Chromosome 7
105
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pre-T cell
CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, TDT
106
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pre-T cell associated with TCR
CD3
107
T-cell differentiation:
Survival of cells that do not recognize self antigens
Positive selection
108
T-cell differentiation:
Death of cells that recognize self antigens
Negative selection
109
T/F: Only T cells with a functional TCR will survive
True
110
T/F: A mature T-cell will be positive for TDT
False
111
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker in mature T cells
CD2, CD3, CD4 (T helper), CD8 (T cytotoxic)
112
T-cell differentiation:
Cytokines secreted by Th1
Interferon-y, IL2, TNF-B
113
T-cell differentiation:
Th responsible for the activation of macrophage for intracellular organisms
Th1
114
T-cell differentiation:
Cytokines released by Th2
IL4, IL5, IL6, IL9, IL10, IL13
115
T-cell differentiation:
Th responsible for activation of B lymphocyte; for antibody production
Th2
116
T-cell differentiation:
Cytokine produced by Th17
IL17
117
T-cell differentiation:
Th responsible for fungal response
Th17
118
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker for T regulatory cell
CD4, CD25
119
T-cell differentiation:
After being differentiated into either CD4 or CD8 positive cells, the T-cells will traverse into ___ as effector cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
120
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of memory T cells
CD127
121
B-cell differentiation:
Precursor cell
Lymphoid stem cell
122
B-cell differentiation:
Growth factors involved for the lymphoid stem cell to be pro-B cells
E2A, IFR8, EB8
123
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where there is a rearrangement of genes to code for heavy and light chains
Pro-B cell
124
B-cell differentiation:
Cytokine released by Pro-B cell
IL17
125
B-cell differentiation:
The genes that code for heavy chain is found in chromosome ___
14
126
B-cell differentiation:
The genes that code for light chain is found in chromosome ___
2, 22
127
B-cell differentiation:
In the Pro-B cell stage, this activates the gene rearrangement
C-KIT receptors
128
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pro-B cells
CD34, CD19, CD20, TDT
129
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where the gene is used to form the heavy chain of antibody
Pre-B cell
130
B-cell differentiation:
The first heavy chain to be formed in the Pre-B cell
Mu chain
131
B-cell differentiation:
First type of light chain to be produced together with the heavy chain
Surrogate light chain
132
B-cell differentiation:
Formed by heavy chain and surrogate light chain
B cell receptor
133
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pre-B cell
CD19, CD20, TDT
134
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where the surface immunoglobulin (complete IgM) is formed
Immature B cell
135
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of immature B cell
CD21
136
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of immature B cell that is the CR2 receptor for complement activation
CD21
137
B-cell differentiation:
Type of mature B cells that go to the secondary lymphoid organs
Follicular B cells
138
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of mature B cells
CD19, CD20, IgM, IgD
139
B-cell differentiation:
Specific marker for mature B cell
IgD
140
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where the B cell will be antigen dependent
Mature B cells (all the earlier stages are independent)
141
B-cell differentiation:
B cell subset present in adults
B2
142
B-cell differentiation:
Marker of activated B cells
CD25
143
Effector function of T helper cell
Cytokine production
144
CD marker of plasma cells
CD38, CD78, CD126, CD138
145
Effector cells of B-cells
Plasma cells
146
T/F: The nucleus of a plasma cell is centric
False (eccentric)
147
Appearance of plasma cell nucleus
Wagon wheel
148
T/F: Plasma cells are CD19 and CD20 negative
True
149
Region of plasma cell where the rough endoplasmic reticulum is found
Hoff
150
CD marker of plasma cell that mediates inflammation
CD126/ IL6
151
CD marker of memory B cell
CD27
152
Source and birthplace of all hematopoietic stem cells
Bone marrow/ Myeloid tissue
153
Growth factors for hematopoietic cells
C-KIT, IL3, IL7, CSFs, Flt-3 ligand
154
Areas where immune cells acquire immunocompetency
Primary lymphoid organs
155
Site of antigen independent lymphopoiesis
Primary lymphoid organs
156
In birds, the bone marrow of human is the ___
Bursa of Fabricius
157
A bilobed lymphoid organ above the heart where the development of functional T-cells happen
Thymus
158
Thymic cortical epithelial cells of the thymus producing IL7
Hassall's corpuscles
159
Distinct feature of the thymus that secretes cytokines and regulate dendritic cells found in the medullary region
Hassall's corpuscles
160
Site of final maturation and differentiation where antigen dependent differentiation occur
Secondary lymphoid organ
161
Encapsulated secondary organs
Spleen, lymph nodes
162
Non-encapsulated secondary organs
MALTs, CALTs, GALTs, tonsils, etc.
163
Central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues
Lymph node
164
Provides an environment where immune cells can interact with foreign agents from tissues
Lymph node
165
Structure of lymph node:
B cell area
Cortex
166
Structure of lymph node:
T cell area, APCs, dendritic cells
Paracortex
167
Structure of lymph node:
Abundant plasma cells, T cells, B cells, Macrophages
Medulla
168
The center of the secondary follicle of the lymph node is the ___
Germinal Center of Flemming
169
APCs in the T cell area in the paracortex of the lymph node
Interdigitating cells
170
Site in the lymph node where primed B cells are situated
Secondary follicle
171
Site in the lymph node where resting B cells are situated
Primary follicle
172
Where do naive T cells enter in the lymph nodes?
High endothelial venule (HEV)
173
Where do lymphocytes, antigens, pathogens enter in the lymph nodes?
Afferent lymphatic vessels
174
Filters blood of its impurities
Spleen
175
Largest secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen
176
Site in the spleen where the destruction of senescent RBCs happen
Red pulp
177
Structure of the white pulp of the spleen where the T cells are found
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
178
Structure of the white pulp of the spleen where the unstimulated B cells are found
Primary follicle
179
Structure of the white pulp of the spleen where the dendritic cells are found
Marginal zone
180
The process of the leukocytes moving from blood to tissue or site of injury
Homing
181
Protein PAMP of bacteria
Pilin, Flagelin
182
Nucleic acid PAMP of viruses
ssRNA, dsRNA, CpG
183
Nucleic acid PAMP of bacteria
CpG
184
Cell wall lipid PAMP of gram-negative bacteria
LPS
185
Cell wall lipid PAMP of gram-positive bacteria
Lipoteichoic acid
186
Carbohydrate PAMP of fungi
Mannan, Glucans
187
Carbohydrate PAMP of bacteria
Mannan
188
Molecules that limit spread of viruses and viral replication that is part of secondary line of defense
Interferons
189
Fever-inducing cytokine
IL1
190
Produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and virus infected cells, fibroblasts
Type I interferon
191
Collection of circulating and membrane associated proteins that mediate inflammatory responses
Complement system
192
3 effector functions of complement system
Opsonization
Cell lysis
Inflammation
193
Serum molecules that are sensitive indicators of inflammaion
Acute phase proteins or acute phase reactants
194
A marker of inflammation
Acute phase proteins or acute phase reactants
195
Antibody-like substance found in trace amount in serum
CRP
196
Has cytokine-like activity; activates monocytes and macrophages to promote inflammation
Serum Amyloid A
197
Among the complement system pathways, which one is part of adaptive immunity?
Classical pathway
198
Among the complement system pathways, which is part of innate immunity?
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
199
Surrogate marker of APR
IL6
200
General plasma inhibitor of proteases
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
201
"Mop up" effects of neutrophil invasion
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
202
Antioxidant to provide protection against release of free hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
203
Involved in coagulation/clotting
Fibrinogen
204
For copper transport
Ceruloplasmin
205
Target substance of TLR1
Lipopeptides
206
Target substance of TLR2
Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan
207
Target substance of TLR4
Lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan
208
Target substance of TLR5
Flagellin
209
Target substance of TLR6
Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan
210
Target endosomal compartment of TLR3
Double-stranded RNA
211
Target endosomal compartment of TLR7
Single-stranded RNA
212
Target endosomal compartment of TLR8
Single-stranded RNA
213
Target endosomal compartment of TLR9
Double-stranded DNA
214
Target endosomal compartment of TLR10
Unknown
215
Target microorganism of TLR1
Mycobacteria
216
Target microorganism of TLR2
Gram-pos bacteria, mycobacteria, yeast
217
Target microorganism of TLR4
Gram-neg bacteria, RSV fungi
218
Target microorganism of TLR5
Bacteria with flagellae
219
Target microorganism of TLR6
Mycobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, yeasts
220
TLRs that target RNA viruses
TLR3, TLR7, TLR8
221
TLRs that target mycobacteria
TLR1, TL2, TLR6
222
Cytosolic receptors that detect PAMPs and DAMPs
NOD-Like receptors
223
NOD-like receptors specific for bacterial peptidoglycans
NOD-1, NOD-2
224
NOD-like receptors for unrelated microbial structures or pathologic changes
NLRP-3
225
Receptors that recognizes RNA produced by viruses
RIG-like receptors
226
Receptors that recognize cytosolic viral DNA
Cytosolic DNA sensors
227
Receptors that involved in phagocytosis of fungi and bacteria and inflammatory processes
Lectin receptor
228
Lectin receptor for fungal glycans
Dectins
229
A complex reaction to various injurious agents
Inflammation
230
T/F: The consistency of lymphatic tissues is similar to plasma
True
231
T/F: The final maturation and differentiation of immune cells happen in the secondary lymphoid organs
True
232
Predominant immune cell in acute inflammation
Neutrophil
233
T/F: Macrophage is a less potent but more efficient phagocyte compared to monocyte
False: macrophage is MORE POTENT but LESS EFFICIENT due to slower movement
234
Immune cell with a kidney-shaped nucleus and dust-like granules
Monocyte
235
Cytokine that induces CRP secretion
IL6
236
Cytokine that activates NK cell by interferon-gamma secretion
IL12
237
Described as dust-laden macrophages
Alveolar macrophage
238
CD marker of NK cell capable of binding to the antibody found in the surface of the antigen
CD16
239
CD marker of NK cell where the Fc receptor is located
CD16
240
Immune cell described as having a smooth surface
T cell
241
Immune cell described as having a rough surface
B cell
242
T/F: Lymphocyte capping occurs during the immature B cell phase
False: it happens only in the mature B cell
243
Lymphocyte that is more abundant in the blood
T cell
244
Immune cell that is present in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles and presents antigen that stimulate B cell differentiation
Follicular dendritic cells
245
Ligand that targets dendritic cells and B cells
FLT-3
246
The first lymphoid organ to develop
Thymus
247
Concentric structures in the medulla of the thymus, composed of thymic epithelial cells
Hassall's corpuscles
248
T/F: Hassall's corpuscles may also play an important role in removing apoptotic thymocytes
True
249
Cells present in the germinal center of Fleming
Centroblast
Centrocyte
250
Where does the lymph fluid enter in the lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessel
251
Enumerate the flow of the lymph fluid in the sinuses of the lymph nodes after entering the afferent lymphatic vessel
Subcapsular sinus >> Trabecular sinus >> Medullary sinus
252
Where will the lymph fluid go after flowing through the medullary sinus?
Efferent lymphatic vessel
253
Cells that are responsible for mucosal immunity, which takes up pathogen to bring to other lymphoid organ and is commonly present in MALTs
M cells (Microfold cells)
254
Spermine, as basic polypeptide that is a part of the 2nd line of defense, inhibits which group of bacteria?
Gr (+)
255
Also known as the leukocyte interferon
Alpha interferon
256
Also known as the fibro-epithelial interferon
Beta interferon
257
Interferons that are responsible in macrophage activation
Type II (gamma) interferon
258
Identify the form of adaptive immunity:
Person participates in the production of immune factors
Active adaptive immunity
259
Identify the form of adaptive immunity:
Person receives pre-formed immune factors or antibodies from another person
Passive adaptive immunity
260
CD marker of B1 cell
CD 5
