3S [LEC]: Tumor Immunology Flashcards by 3sha Ann

Q

Abnormal mass of tissue, wherein growth exceeds and uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues

A

Neoplasm/ tumor

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Q

Gold standard for tumor identification

A

Biopsy

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Q

Determine whether benign or malignant:

Well-differentiated

A

Benign

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Q

Determine whether benign or malignant:

Structure may be typical of tissue or origin

A

Benign

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Q

Determine whether benign or malignant:

Usually progressive and slow

A

Benign

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Q

Determine whether benign or malignant:

May come to a stand-still or regress

A

Benign

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Q

Determine whether benign or malignant:

Mitotic figures are rare and normal

A

Benign

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Q

Determine whether benign or malignant:

Some lack of differentiation with anaplasia

A

Malignant

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Q

Determine whether benign or malignant:

Erratic and may be slow to rapid growth

A

Malignant

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Q

Tumor that originated from epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma

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Q

Tumor that originated from the blood

A

Leukemia/ lymphoma

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Q

Tumor that originated from connective tissue

A

Sarcoma

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Q

A positive result for ER/PR shows ___ prognosis

A

Good

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Q

Tumors that cannot undergo metastasis

A

Basal carcinoma
Glioma

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Q

Act as central regulators of the growth in normal cells that code for proteins involved in growth and repair processes in the body

A

Proto-oncogenes

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Q

Result of genetic mutations in proto-oncogenes

A

Oncogenes

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Q

Overexpression of growth promoting proteins leading to hypercellular proliferation and tumorigenesis

A

Oncogenes

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Q

Gene that codes a nuclear phosphoprotein preventing cell division

A

p53 gene

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Q

Identify the disorder associated to the oncogene:

ab1

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

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Q

Identify the disorder associated to the oncogene:

myc

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

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Q

Identify the disorder associated to the oncogene:

N-myc

A

Neuroblastoma

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Q

Identify the disorder associated to the oncogene:

EGFR, HER2

A

Mammary carcinoma

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Q

Identify the disorder associated to the oncogene:

RB1

A

Malignant retinoblastoma

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Q

Regulates the proliferation of cellular growth

A

Tumor suppressor genes/ anti-oncogenes

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CD marker of NK cell that is primarily responsible in immune defense against tumors

CD16

Identify the phase of immunoediting: Robust innate and adaptive immune responses kill most tumor cells

Elimination

MHC class primarily associated with immune defense against tumor

MHC Class I

Identify the phase of immunoediting: Immune system controls limited number of altered cells

Equilibrium

Identify the phase of immunoediting: Tumor cells are dormant and begin to lose or mask identifying features

Equilibrium

Identify the phase of immunoediting: Immune system is suppressed and chronic inflammation promotes tumor growth

Escape

Identify the phase of immunoediting: Tumor cells are highly altered and more resistant to immune responses

Escape

Unique to a tumor or shared by a limited number of patients with the same type of tumors

Tumor specific antigens

Coded by viral oncogenes or by host proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that have undergone mutations

Tumor specific antigens

T/F: Philadelphia chromosome in CML is a type of tumor associated antigen

F (tumor specific antigen)

T/F: Tumor specific antigens can be the basis of cancer diagnosis

F

Antigens expressed in tumor cells and normal cells

Tumor associated antigens

Antigens expressed in many tumors but not in most normal tissues

Shared TSAs

The only normal cells in which shared TSAs have been detected are ___ and ___

Testicular germ cells Placental trophoblastic cells

Includes oncofetal or embryonic antigens that are normally expressed on developing cells of the fetus but not on adult cells

Differentiation antigens

Antigens that arise from genetic mutations that occur during transformation which results in deregulated expression of these proteins

Overexpressed antigens

Biological substances that are found in increased amounts in the blood

Tumor markers

Cell surface markers used in the prognosis for hormone therapy in breast cancer

Estrogen or progesterone receptors

Cell surface markers used for the clonality and lineage of WBC neoplasms

CD markers on WBCs

Proteins that found in well-differentiated papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoms

Thyroglobulin (TG)

Proteins found in multiple myeloma and lymphoid malignancies

Immunoglobulins (Ig) and Ig light chains (Bence Jones proteins)

Oncofetal antigen that is found in germ cell carcinomas and hepatocellular carcinoma

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

Oncofetal antigen found in colorectal, breast, and lung cancer

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Carbohydrate antigen associated with ovarian cancer

CA 125

Carbohydrate antigen associated with breast cancer

CA 15-3

Carbohydrate antigen associated with pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers

CA 19-9

Enzyme associated with bone and liver cancer

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Hormone associated with germ cell carcinoma and trophoblastic tumors

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Hormone associated with medullary thyroid cancer

Calcitonin

Identify the tumor marker: Higher levels imply poor prognosis in multiple myeloma

B2-microglobulin

Identify the tumor marker: Used for diagnosis and monitoring of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma

Calcitonin & Ca2+

T/F: AFP can be used for screening, diagnosis and staging, prognosis, and monitoring of liver cancer and nonseminomatous testicular germ cell cancer

T

Identify the tumor marker: Used in the prognosis and monitoring of colorectal, breast, and lung cancer

CEA

Other than in the case of colon cancer, what other instance can CEA be increased?

In smokers

Identify the associated condition based on the genetic marker: Philadelphia chromosome

CML

Identify the associated condition based on the genetic marker: MSH gene

Familial colorectal cancer

Identify the associated condition based on the genetic marker: ER/PR; HER2

Breast and ovarian cancer

Identify the associated condition based on the genetic marker: BRAF

Metastatic carcinoma

Identify the associated condition based on the genetic marker: KRAS

Colorectal cancer

Identify the associated condition based on the genetic marker: EGFR

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Identify the associated condition based on the genetic marker: ESR1 and PGR

Breast cancer

Counterstain used in immunohistochemistry

Hematoxylin

Most common enzyme label used in immunohistochemistry

Horseradish peroxidase

In immunoassays, when the measurements exceed the linear range of reportable results, this phenomenon is called ___

High-dose hook effect

What will be the resolution in the case of high-dose hook effect?

Dilute the sample

Biological therapy or biological response modifier therapy

Immunotherapy

The goal is to harness the ability of the immune system to destroy tumor cells

Immunotherapy

T/F: Thyroid can determine the prognosis and diagnosis of thyroid cancer

F (only for monitoring)