S1 [LAB]: GLOSSARY Flashcards
1
Q
A laboratory technique that involves the removal of antibodies by the use of a specific antigen (i.e., red blood cell surface antigen)
A
Absorption
2
Q
The proximity or closeness of a value to the true value
A
Accuracy
3
Q
Incurred due to external factors and is not inherited
A
Acquired
4
Q
Normal serum constituents that increase or decrease in the presence of an infection, injury, or trauma to tissues; associated with inflammatory reactions
A
Acute-phase proteins
5
Q
A substance added to vaccines to potentiate or enhance the immune response of the recipient
A
Adjuvant
6
Q
Examples of adjuvant
A
Alum
Freund’s adjuvant
7
Q
The key enzyme in the glycolytic cycle of Plasmodium parasite
A
Aldolase
8
Q
A process of attachment of one substance to the surface of another; attachment of an antibody to a specific antigen receptor on a cell surface
A
Adsorption
9
Q
Binding strength between an antigenic determinant (epitope) and its complementary site (paratope) in the Fab region of the antibody
A
Affinity
10
Q
Absence of all immunoglobulins in the serum
A
Agammaglobulinemia
11
Q
Aggregation or clumping of cellular or particulate antigens to their corresponding antisera containing antibodies
A
Agglutination
12
Q
An antibody capable of causing agglutination with multivalent surface antigens
A
Agglutinin
13
Q
Agglutinin usually belongs to which antibody class?
A
IgM
14
Q
A particulate or cellular antigen involved in agglutination or aggregaration
A
Agglutinogen
15
Q
An enzyme that liberates the inorganic phosphates from phosphate esters
A
Alkaline phosphatase
16
Q
T/F: Alkaline phosphatase is used as an indicator label in immunoassays
A
True
17
Q
An alternative form of a gene at a particular locus or specific position on a chromosome
A
Allele
18
Q
An antigen that triggers an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction
A
Allergen
19
Q
An adjuvant commonly added to human vaccines
A
Alum
20
Q
An anti-sheep red blood cell antibody that causes hemolysis of sheep red blood cells in the presence of complement
A
Amboceptor
21
Q
A rapid rise in the immunoglobulin concentration following subsequent exposure to an antigen
A
Anamnestic response
22
Q
Also known as a secondary immune response or booster response
A
Anamnestic response
23
Q
An immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen
A
Antibody
24
Q
Highest dilution factor of a sample that still results in a visible reaction
A
Antibody titer
25
Any substance that, when introduced into the body, stimulates antibody production
Antigen
26
Union of an antibody with its homologous antigen
Antigen-antibody complex
27
Accessory cells present in tissues the process antigens and display fragments on the cell surface in association with a Class II MHC molecules; examples include dendritic cells and macrophages
Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
28
Number of antigenic determinants on an antigen
Antigen valency
29
A specific region of an antigen that is recognized by the B- or T-cell receptors
Antigenic determinant
30
Ability of a substance to react with immune products
Antigenicity
31
An autoimmune antibody directed against a nuclear component; usually seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
32
An antibody produced against streptolysin O
Antistreptolysin O (ASO)
33
ASO is produced by which specific group of bacteria?
Group A Streptococcus
34
Suppressor and cytotoxic T-cells capable of recognizing and killing B-cells infected by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus
Atypical lymphocytes
35
Atypical lymphocytes are also known as ___
Reactive lymphocytes
36
Former name of the hepatitis B surface antigen
Australia antigen
37
The condition in which an immune response is initiated by "self" antigens
Autoimmunity
38
The sum total binding strength between an antigen and an antibody
Avidity
39
A lymphocyte that originated from the bone marrow; cells of the adaptive immune response that possess surface antibodies that are specific to an epitope
B-cell
40
A protein not normally present in human blood but is present in a wide variety of inflammatory reactions
C-reactive protein
41
Characterized by their ability to react with the C-polysaccharide component of pneumococci
C-reactive protein
42
A substance composed of fresh beef heart extract combined with lecithin and cholesterol
Cardiolipin
43
Immunity that is dependent on T-cells and phagocytic cells
Cell-mediated immunity
44
The movement of cells such as neutrophils toward a stimulus
Chemotaxis
45
Cell surface markers that are employed for immunophenotyping cells particularly lymphocytes
Cluster of designation
46
Cluster of designation is also known as ___
Cluster of differentiation
47
Agglutinins that belong to the IgM class and are active at 4C but not at 37C
Cold agglutinins
48
A humoral mechanism of non-specific immune responses of at least 14 components that proceed in a cascading sequence of activation, resulting in cell lysis
Complement
49
Former name of complement
Alexin
50
The process of binding of complement in a reaction with an antigen and antibody
Complement fixation
51
A substance that is similar to the patient sample that is used to monitor the precision of analytical tests
Control
52
A protein molecule secreted by leukocytes that regulate immune response
Cytokine
53
A hemagglutination test that defines the characteristics of the heterophile antibody through guinea pig and beef cell antigens
Davidsohn differential test
54
The most common procedure for the separation of lymphocytes
Density gradient centrifugation
55
A fluid containing antibodies deliberately removed from red blood cells
Eluate
56
A ligand assay that employs an enzyme label, and the binding reagent is an antibody
Enzyme immunoassay
57
A specific region of antigen that is recognized by B-cell or T-cell
Epitope
58
A point of dilution in a serologic reaction in which there is maximal binding of the antigen and antibody as seen in precipitation reactions
Equivalence point
59
Agglutinating antibodies that are produced in response to microorganisms that induce fever
Febrile agglutinins
60
A type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentration
Flocculation
61
Flocculation involves the aggregation of colloidal particles described as a ___ or ___
Fleecy mass
Clump
62
A heterophile antibody that is found in serum samples of most normal individuals
Forssman antibody
63
A substance that absorbs Forssman and serum sickness antibodies
Guinea pig kidney antigen
64
Flagellar antigens
H antigen
65
A small non-immunogenic molecule that can function as an epitope if bound to a carrier molecule
Hapten
66
Agglutination of red blood cells
Hemagglutination
67
A substance that causes agglutination of erythrocytes
Hemagglutinin
68
Rupturing or lysis of red blood cells and the subsequent release of their contents into the surrounding fluid
Hemolysis
69
Ruptured erythrocytes
Hemolyzed
70
Antibodies that are produced n an individual in response to an antigen that will also react with another unrelated antigen
Heterophile antibodies
71
A retrovirus that causes disease affecting the immune system; etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency disease
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
72
Adaptive immunity that involves the production of antibodies
Humoral immunity
73
A reaction that demonstrated a specific antibody response to an antigen
Immune response
74
A condition that is resistant to an infection
Immunity
75
A laboratory method employed for the qualitative or quantitative detection of antibodies
Immunodiffusion
76
An antigen capable of stimulating an immune response
Immunogen
77
Outside the body; observable in a test tube
In vitro
78
Within a living organism
In vivo
79
The process in which complement activity in a serum is nullified by heating
Inactivation
80
The total reaction of a body against an injury or invasion
Inflammation
81
Capsular antigen
K antigen
82
A structure that forms when a multivalent antigen binds to an antibody in optimal or maximal proportions
Lattice
83
A molecules that binds or forms a complex with a biologic molecule such as receptors, proteins, or antibodies
Ligand
84
An antibody that causes the dissolution of cells
Lysin
85
A collection of structural genes that code for proteins that cans serve as antigen-presenting molecules in cell-mediated immunity as well as proteins needed in tissue transplantation
Major histocompatibility complex
86
Refers to the presence of multiple copies of the same epitope within the same antigen
Multivalent
87
An antigen-antibody reaction in which the reactive effect of a particular antigen is nullified by a specific antibody
Neutralization
88
A qualitative test to determine defects in the NADPH oxidase
Nitroblue tetrazolium test
89
Employed in the detection of chronic granulomatous disease
Nitroblue tetrazolium test
90
Non-specific antibodies detected in patients with syphilis
Non-treponemal antibodies
91
Examples of non-treponemal antibodies
Reagin
Wasserman antibodies
92
Somatic antigen
O antigen
93
A molecule that attaches itself to microorganisms or antigens to enhance phagocytosis
Opsonin
94
The process wherein the antibody coats an antigen to allow a more effective phagocytosis
Opsonization
95
Serum samples obtained from patients during the acute and convalescent phase
Paired sera
96
Used to determine if there is a significant antibody titer increase
Paired sera
97
Related to all or every or a large group
Panspecific
98
An antibody that has a capability of recognizing different isoforms of protein
Panspecific
99
A process wherein phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, engulf or "eat" microbes or particulate matter
Phagocytosis
100
The fluid matrix of unclotted blood
Plasma
101
A weak or negative antigen-antibody reaction that occurs when there is an antigen excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antibody
Postzone reaction
102
An antigen-antibody reaction between a soluble antigen and an antibody that produces an insoluble precipitate
Precipitation
103
An antibody that interacts with a soluble antigen
Precipitin
104
The antibody class usually involved with precipitin
IgG
105
Tests that involve a specific recognition and interaction of an antigen to its corresponding antibody
Primary tests
106
T/F: Primary tests are most sensitive than secondary tests
Secondary tests
107
A weak or negative antigen-antibody reaction that occurs when serum containing antibodies is in excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antigen
Prozone reaction
108
An immunologic test that employs radioisotopes as labels for antigens or antibodies, complements, or other reactants
Radioimmunoassay
109
An antibody-like substance produced in response to certain tissue invasion and destruction such as in syphilis
Reagin
110
An IgM antibody produced in patients which binds to the Fc portion of IgG
Rheumatoid factor
111
A process in which cells, such as RBCs, are coated with incomplete or blocking antibodies such as igG
Sensitization
112
T/F: Sensitization results to agglutination
False
113
A progressively higher dissolution of a substance arranged in a definite sequence or series
Serial dilution
114
The detection of a specific antibody in the serum of an individual whose antibody was previously undetectable
Seroconversion
115
A branch of biology that deals with the study of antigens and antibodies and their biologic relationships
Serology
116
The fluid matrix of clotted blood
Serum
117
A type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the giving of non-human gamma globulins immunization
Serum sickness
118
A special affinity between an antigen and its corresponding antibody
Specificity
119
A property of B- and T-cell receptors to recognize only one epitope
Specificity
120
A thymus-derived lymphocyte involved in cell-mediated immunity
T cell
121
A biomarker found in elevated levels of body fluids in patients with neoplasms
Tumor markers
122
Employed for monitoring the progression of neoplasms
Tumor markers
123
An antibody that is active at 37C but not at 4C
Warm agglutinins
124
Antibody class that is a warm agglutinin
IgG
125
A serologic test employing cross-reacting Proteus somatic antigens employed for the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases
Weil-Felix test
126
A febrile agglutination serologic test used to detect febrile agglutinins
Widal agglutination test
