S2 [LEC]: Antibody & TCR Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
The main humoral element of the adaptive response
A
Antibody
2
Q
Approximately how many amino acids make up a domain?
A
110 amino acids
3
Q
This component of the glycoprotein structure prevents degradation, makes the antibody more soluble, and enhances the functional activity
A
Carbohydrates
4
Q
If an immunoglobulin acts with an antigen, it is considered an ___
A
Antibody
5
Q
Primary function of an antibody
A
Antigen binding
6
Q
The primary function of an antibody is done by which part?
A
Fab
7
Q
The biological functions of an antibody is done by which part?
A
Fc
8
Q
Opsonin receptors for phagocytosis
A
FcyR
9
Q
Give the molecular weight:
IgG
A
150 000
10
Q
Give the molecular weight:
IgM
A
900 000
11
Q
Give the molecular weight:
Monomeric IgA
A
160 000
12
Q
Give the molecular weight:
Dimeric IgA
A
170 000
13
Q
Give the molecular weight:
IgD
A
180 000
14
Q
Give the molecular weight:
IgE
A
190 000
15
Q
A dimeric IgA is called ___
A
Secretory IgA
16
Q
Cold-reacting antibody
A
IgM
17
Q
Saline-reacting antibody
A
IgM
18
Q
Warm-reacting antibody
A
IgG
19
Q
Albumin-reacting antibody
A
IgG
20
Q
Classify the antibody according to occurrence:
Appear without stimulus
A
Natural/ Naturally Occurring antibodies
21
Q
Classify the antibody according to occurrence:
Appear after introduction to an antigen
A
Immune antibodies
22
Q
Classify the antibody according to occurrence:
ABO antibodies
A
Natural antibodies
23
Q
Classify the antibody according to occurrence:
Rh antibodies
A
Immune antibodies
24
Q
Classify the antibody according to the species which produce them:
Produced after introduction of Ag of same species
A
Isoantibodies
25
Classify the antibody according to the species which produce them:
ABO, Rh antibodies
Isoantibodies
26
Classify the antibody according to the species which produce them:
Antibodies produced after introduction of Ag from another species
Heterophile antibodies
27
Classify the antibody according to their in-vitro behavior:
Bivalent, saline-acting
Complete
28
Classify the antibody according to their in-vitro behavior:
Univalent, blocking; conglutinating antibody; albumin acting
Incomplete
29
Classify the antibody according to their in-vitro behavior:
Thermo-labile
Complete
30
Classify the antibody according to their in-vitro behavior:
Thermo-stable
Incomplete
31
T/F: Antibodies can directly kill the pathogen
False
32
Complement pathway activated by antibodies
Classical pathway
33
Sedimentation coefficient:
IgG
7S
34
Sedimentation coefficient:
IgM
19S
35
Sedimentation coefficient:
Monomeric IgA
7S
36
Sedimentation coefficient:
Dimeric IgA
9S
37
Sedimentation coefficient:
IgD
7S
38
Sedimentation coefficient:
IgE
8S
39
IgM form present in the surface of the B cell
Monomeric
40
First breast milk of the mother where IgA is abundant
Colostrum
41
Other term for isoantibodies
Alloantibodies
42
Antibody type that can detect viral infections such as infectious mononucleosis
Heterophile antibodies
43
T/F: Agglutinins are soluble
False (insoluble)
44
T/F: Precipitins are soluble
True
45
Antibody class that is an excellent agglutinin
IgM
46
Antibody class that is associated with precipitation
IgG
47
Heat modified agglutinins
Agglutinoids
48
T/F: Agglutinoids can produce agglutination once it binds to the antigen
False: they can bind to the antigen but cannot agglutinate anymore
49
Antibody that causes lysis of antigenic cell
Lysin
50
Antibodies that combine with the antigen but not grossly detected unless they are shown to block a reaction, or unless the protein species of the antibody can be identified
Blocking or inhibitory antibodies
51
T/F: The reaction of the blocking or inhibitory antibody can be visibly seen
False
52
Basic structural unit of immunoglobulin
Monomer
53
Component of the immunoglobulin that stabilizes the 3D structure of immunoglobulin
Disulfide chains & Noncovalent bonds
54
Component of the immunoglobulin that stabilizes the domains within polypeptide chains
Intrachain
55
Component of the immunoglobulin that holds the variable region
Interchain
56
Globular/balloon-like region of polypeptide chain
Domain
57
Chain that is attached between heavy and light chain; heavy and heavy chain
Interchain
58
The structure of immunoglobulin consists of how many light and heavy chains?
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
59
The hinge region is rich in what specific amino acid?
Proline
60
The location of the hinge region
Between CH1 and CH2
61
The terminal end of the variable region
Aminoterminal end
62
The terminal end of the constant region
Carboxyl end
63
In which domain is the carbohydrate component attached?
CH2
64
Meaning of Fc
Fragment crystallizable
65
Enzyme that can cleave the antibody into three fragments
Papain
66
Enzyme that can cleave the antibody into two fragments
Pepsin
67
Regions where the epitopes specifically bind
Hypervariable region/ Complementarity determining region (CDR)
68
Sequence of amino acid comprising polypeptide chain changes
Variable region
69
Sequence of amino acid comprising polypeptide chain is fixed and unchanging
Constant region
70
What comprises the variable region?
VH and VL
71
What comprises the constant region?
CH1, CH2, CH3
72
This component of the hinge region allows flexibility of the immunoglobulin
Proline
73
Flexible part of the antibody
Hinge
74
VH and VL are collectively termed as ___
Fab
75
___ amino acids comprises the hypervariable region
>30
76
CH2 and CH3 are termed as ___
Fc
77
Binding site of C1q in classical complement pathway
CH2
78
Complement fragment that binds to the CH1
C4b
79
Determines the antibody isotype
Fc/ Constant region
80
Binding site of C4b
CH1
81
Fc is crystallized at what temperature?
4C
82
Recognition unit in classical complement pathway
C1q
83
Biggest complement molecule
C1
84
To enable the classical complement pathway, the C1q should bind with ___
CH2
85
Where B cells, CD8 cells, plasma cells, heterologous cells bind
CH3
86
Where Fc receptors in monocytes and macrophages binds
CH3
87
Fc receptors of mast cells
FcER
88
Discrete loops projecting outward from the terminal end of the light chain
Hypervariable region
89
Region where antigens will bind
CDR1, CDR2, CDR3 (Complementarity determining region)
90
Specific part of the paratope that recognize and bind with the epitope of the antigen
CDR1, CDR2, CDR3 (Complementarity determining region)
91
Arrangement of heavy and light chains
Immunoglobulin fold
92
How many binding site does a TCR has?
1
93
How many CDRs are there in one Fab region?
6
94
T/F: Sometimes, a secretory IgA can be in the form of a trimer
True
95
Person responsible for the discovery of the structure of immunoglobulin through ultracentrifugation
Edelman
96
Polypeptide chain that normally holds polymeric immunoglobulin
J chain (joining chain)
97
Substance attached to a polymeric Ig found in secretion
Secretory component
98
Site of cleavage of pepsin
Below the hinge region; before the disulfide bonds
99
Refer to the number of combining sites
Valence
100
After pepsin digestion, this reducing agent reduces further to produce 2 Fab and 1 Fc region
Mercaptoethylamine
101
Site of cleavage of papain
Above the hinge region; after the disulfide bond
102
Product of reduction by mercaptoethylamine after papain digestion
Fd (degradable fragment)
103
Amino terminal half of heavy chain that binds to antigen
Fd (degradable fragment)
104
When an immunoglobulin is added with mercaptoethylamine, the product will be ___
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
105
More predominant light chain
Kappa chain
106
Ratio of kappa: lambda light chain
2:1
107
Kappa chain is coded by what chromosome?
2
108
Lambda chain is coded by what chromosome?
22
109
A condition that overproduces Bence Jones protein made up of light chains
Multiple Myeloma
110
Person responsible for the discovery of that the diversity in the immunoglobulin molecule is generated as a result of somatic recombination of genes
Susumu Tonegawa
111
Chromosome that codes for the variable region on the heavy chain
Chromosome 14
112
The D and J segments are binded by ___ enzyme after the deletion of intervening DNA
Recombinase
113
Recombinase is coded by what gene?
RAG1, RAG2
114
The joining of V, D, and J segment is done at what level?
RNA
115
Nearest gene to the J chain
Mu gene
116
Components of the light chain production
V and J segment
117
Next chain to be formed after mu
Delta
118
Process whereby the cell is committed to the expression of a particular V region for its heavy chain and its light chain
Allelic exclusion
119
Occurs following a successful rearrangement of the Ig DNA segments
Allelic exclusion
120
CD marker for class switching in B cell
CD 40
121
CD marker for class switching in T helper cell
CD 40 ligand protein
122
T/F: When an antibody changes isotype, it changes specificity
False
123
Type of antibody diversity:
Difference in heavy chain
Isotype
124
Type of antibody diversity:
Represent classes of antibody
Isotype
125
Type of antibody diversity:
Same constant regions with minor, but immunologic differences
Allotype
126
Type of antibody diversity:
Recognize different specific epitopes
Idiotype
127
Type of antibody diversity:
Represents subclass
Allotype
128
Type of antibody diversity:
IgG, IgM, IgA
Isotype
129
Type of antibody diversity:
Differences in the antigenic region; same isotype but with slight or very minor differences in the constant region
Allotype
130
Type of antibody diversity:
Difference in the variable region
Idiotype
131
Most abundant Ig
IgG
132
Ig responsible in anamnestic response
IgG
133
Ig with the longest half life
IgG
134
CD marker responsible in activating ADCC through IgG
CD 16
135
IgG subclass:
Most abundant
IgG1
136
IgG subclass:
Least efficient in placental crossing
IgG2
137
IgG subclass:
Complement activator
IgG3
138
IgG subclass:
Has the largest hinge region and largest number of interchain disulfide bonds
IgG3
139
IgG subclass:
Least abundant
IgG4
140
IgG subclass that are good opsonins
IgG1 and IgG3
141
Ig that plays an important role in primary immune response
IgM
142
Ig that has a star-fish/ crab-like conformation
IgM
143
T/F: Plasma cells that produce IgM have no memory
True
144
Predominant antibody in the secretions
Secretory IgA
145
Antibody known as the antiseptic paint
IgA
146
IgA subclass that is found in serum and is mainly monomer
IgA1
147
IgA subclass that is found in secretions as dimer, with secretory component
IgA2
148
Antibody important in gut immunity
IgA
149
Which IgA subclass is more resistant to bacteria?
IgA2
150
The secretory component of the dimeric IgA
Poly-Ig receptor
151
Where the secretory IgA is released
Lumen
152
Antibody not capable of classical complement activation
IgA
153
T/F: IgA may activate the alternative pathway in aggregated form
True
154
Antibody that is extremely scarce in the serum
IgD
155
Antibody that is an important marker in B cell maturity
IgD
156
Antibody that is more susceptible to proteolysis due to unusually long hinge region
IgD
157
Least abundant antibody in the blood
IgE
158
Nuisance antibody
IgE
159
Reaginic antibody
IgE
160
Heat labile antibody
IgE
161
Antibody that participates in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
162
Antibody that has an additional constant region
IgE
163
Receptor that allows IgE to bind to mast cells and basophils
FcER
164
Antibody responsible in helminth reaction
IgE
165
According to this theory, antigen played a central role in determining the specificity of Ab molecules
Instructive theory by Haurowitz
166
A theory where a particular antigen or antigenic determinants would serve as a template against which antibodies would fold
Direct template by Breinl and Haurowitz
167
A theory where they suggested that the entry of antigenic determinants intro the antibody-producing cells induced a heritable change in these cells
Indirect template by Burnet and Fenner
168
According to this theory, the immunocompetent cells have a restricted immunological range
Selective theory
169
In this theory, the genes are already produced and antigens will choose which antibody they will bind
Selective theory
170
According to ___ in the ___ theory, the immuno-competent cells have surface receptors that are capable of reacting with antigens, which have complementary side chains to which the specific antigen fit complementarily
Ehrlich
Side chain theory
171
According to ___ in the ___ theory, millions of globulin molecules were formed against all possible range of antigens
Jerne
Natural selection
172
The most widely accepted theory and provides a framework for better understanding of the specificity, immunological memory, and the property of recognition of self and non-self by adoptive immunity
The clonal selection theory
173
Animal used in production of monoclonal antibodies
Mouse
174
Animal used in production of polyclonal antibodies
Rabbit
175
In the production of monoclonal antibody, the plasma cells are fused with what cell?
Myeloma cells
176
Allows the fusion of plasma cell with myeloma cell
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
177
Medium used in the use of PEG for the fusion of plasma cell with myeloma cell
Hypoxhanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium
178
Prevents nucleotide synthesis of myeloma cells
Aminopterin
179
TCR is made up of how many glycopeptides?
2
180
Most common TCR type
alpha, beta
181
CD marker that is noncovalently associated with TCR
CD 3
182
CD marker that transduces signals that lead to activation of T cell
CD 3
183
Chromosome that codes for the alpha-chain of TCR
14
184
Chromosome that codes for the beta-chain of TCR
7
185
TCR that are commonly specific for unconventional antigens such as heat shock protein and phospholipid
gamma and delta
186
The basic structure of immunoglobulins was first discovered by ___
Edelman & Porter
187
Antibodies that have 4 constant domains
IgM, IgE
188
Which of the following is characteristic of variable domains of immunoglobulins?
i. They occur on both the H and L chains
ii. They represent the complement-binding site
iii. They are at the carboxy-terminal ends of the molecules
iv. They are found only on H chains
i
189
All of the following are true of IgM except that it:
i. Can cross the placenta
ii. Fixes the complement
iii. Has a J chain
iv. Is a primary response antibody
i
190
How does the structure of IgE differ from that of IgG?
i. IgG has a secretory component and IgE does not
ii. IgE has one more constant region than IgG
iii. IgG has more antigen-binding sites than IgE
iv. IgG has more light chains than IgE
ii
191
How many antigen-binding sites does a typical IgM molecule have?
i. 2
ii. 4
iii. 6
iv. 10
iv
192
Bence Jones proteins are identical to which of the following?
i. H chains
ii. L chains
iii. IgM molecules
iv. IgG molecules
ii
193
A Fab fragment consists of
i. two H chains
ii. two L chains
iii. one L chain and one-half of an H chain
iv. one L chain and an entire H chain
iii
194
Which antibody best protects mucosal surfaces?
IgA
195
Which of the following pairs represents two different immunoglobulin allotypes?
i. IgM and IgG
ii. IgM1 and IgM2
iii. Anti-human IgM and anti-human IgG
iv. IgG1m3 and IgG1m17
iv
196
The structure of a typical immunoglobulin consists of which of the following?
i. 2L and 2H chains
ii. 4L and 2H chains
iii. 4L and 4H chains
iv. 2L and 4H chains
i
197
Which of the following are L chains of antibody molecules?
i. Kappa
ii. Gamma
iii. Mu
iv. Alpha
i
198
If the results of serum protein electrophoresis show a significant decrease in the gamma band, which of the following is a likely possibility?
i. Normal response to active infection
ii. Multiple myeloma
iii. Immunodeficiency disorder
iv. Monoclonal gammopathy
iii
199
The subclass of IgG differ mainly in
i. the type of L chain
ii. the arrangement of disulfide bonds
iii. the ability to act as opsonins
iv. molecular weight
ii
200
Which best describes the role of the secretory component of IgA?
i. A transport mechanism across endothelial cells
ii. A means of joining two IgA monomers together
iii. An aid to trapping antigen
iv. Enhancement of complement fixation by the classical pathway
i
201
Which represents the main function of IgD?
i. Protection of the mucous membranes
ii. Removal of antigens by complement fixation
iii. Enhancing proliferation of B cells
iv. Destruction of parasitic worms
iii
202
Which antibody is best at agglutination and complement fixation?
IgM
203
Which of the following can be attributed to the clonal selection hypothesis of antibody formation?
i. Plasma cells make generalized antibody
ii. B cells are preprogrammed for specific antibody synthesis
iii. Proteins can alter their shape to conform to antigen
iv. Cell receptors break off and become circulating antibody
ii
204
All of the following are true of IgE except that is
i. fails to fix complement
ii. is heat stable
iii. attaches to tissue mast cells
iv. is found in the serum of allergic persons
ii
205
Which best describes coding for immunoglobulin molecules?
i. All genes are located on the same chromosome
ii. L chain rearrangement occurs before H chain rearrangement
iii. Four different regions are involved in coding of H chains
iv. Lambda rearrangement occurs before kappa rearrangement
iii
206
What is the purpose of HAT medium in the preparation of monoclonal antibody?
i. Fusion of the two cell types
ii. Restricting the growth of myeloma cells
iii. Restricting the growth of spleen cells
iv. Restricting antibody production to the IgM class
ii
207
Papain digestion of an IgG molecule results in which of the following?
i. 2 Fab' and 1 Fc' fragment
ii. F(ab')2 and 1 Fc' fragment
iii. 2 Fab and 2 Fc fragments
iv. 2 Fab and 1 Fc fragment
iv
208
Which antibody provides protection to the growing fetus because it is able to cross the placent?
IgG
209
Which best characterizes the secondary response?
i. Equal amounts of IgM and IgG are produced
ii. There is an increase in IgM only
iii. There is a large increase in IgG but not IgM
iv. The lag phase is the same as in the primary response
iii
