1.2 Genetics And Behaviour

Question 0

Mendelian genetics. ____ demonstrated that inheritance occurs through genes, units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.

Answer 0

Mendel

Question 1

Everything you do depends on both your ____ and your ____.

Answer 1

genes, environment

Question 2

As a rule, genes come in pairs because they are aligned along ____ (strands of genes) that also come in pairs.

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

Classically, a gene has been defined as a portion of a chromosome, which is composed of a double-stranded molecule ____ ____ (DNA).

Answer 3

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 4

Sometimes several genes ____ on a stretch of chromosome. Sometimes a genetic outcome depends on parts of two or more chromosomes.

Answer 4

overlap

Question 5

A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of ____ ____ (RNA) molecules, a single strand chemical.

Answer 5

ribonucleic acid

Question 6

One type of RNA molecule – messenger RNA – serves as a template for the synthesis of ____ molecules.

Answer 6

protein

Question 7

DNA contains four bases – ____, ____, ____, and ____ – in any order.

Answer 7

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Question 8

The order of DNA bases determines the order of corresponding bases along an RNA molecule – ____, ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 8

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Question 9

The order of bases along an RNA molecule in turn determines the order of ____ ____ that compose a protein.

Answer 9

amino acids

Question 10

Some proteins form part of the structure of the body. Others serve as ____, biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

Answer 10

enzymes

Question 11

Anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes is ____ for that gene. An individual with an unmatched pair of genes is ____ for that gene.

Answer 11

homozygous, heterozygous

Question 12

Genes are dominant, recessive, or ____.

Answer 12

intermediate

Question 13

A ____ gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.

Answer 13

dominant

Question 14

A ____ gene shows its effects only in the homozygous condition.

Answer 14

recessive

Question 15

The genes on the sex chromosomes (designated X and Y) are known as ___-____ genes.

Answer 15

sex-linked

Question 16

All other chromosomes are ____ chromosomes, and their genes are known as autosomal genes.

Answer 16

autosomal

Question 17

Distinct from sex-linked genes are the ___-____ genes, which are present in both sexes, generally on autosomal chromosomes, but active mainly in one sex.

Answer 17

sex-limited

Question 18

Examples of sex-limited genes include the genes that control the amount of chest hair in men or breast size in women. Both sexes have those genes, but ___ ____ activate them and one sex or the other.

Answer 18

sex hormones

Question 19

Genes change in several ways. One way is by ____, a heritable change in a DNA molecule.

Answer 19

mutation

Question 20

Another kind of mutation is a ____ or ____. During the process of reproduction, part of a chromosome that should appear once may instead appear twice or not at all.

Answer 20

duplication or deletion

Question 21

The field of ____ deals with changes in gene expression without modification of the DNA sequence.

Answer 21

epigenetics

Question 22

Changes in gene expression are also central to learning and memory and to brain changes resulting from ____ ____.

Answer 22

drug addiction

Question 23

Proteins call ____ bind DNA into a shape that is more like a string wound around a ball.

Answer 23

histones

Question 24

To determine the contributions of ____ and ____, researchers rely mainly on two kinds of evidence. First, they compare monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins.

Answer 24

heredity and environment

Question 25

A stronger resemblance between monozygotic than dizygotic twins suggests a ____ contribution.

Answer 25

genetic

Question 26

A second kind of evidence is studies of adopted children. Any tendency for adopted children to resemble their biological parents suggests a ____ influence.

Answer 26

hereditary

Question 27

If the variations in some characteristic depend largely on genetic differences, the characteristic has high ____.

Answer 27

heritability

Question 28

Researchers sometimes also examine “virtual twins” – children of the same age, adopted at the same time into a single family. Any similarities in behaviour can be attributed to ____ influences.

Answer 28

environmental

Question 29

A biologist who speaks of a “gene for brown eyes” does not mean that the gene directly ____ brown eyes. The gene produces a protein that makes the eyes brown, assuming normal health and nutrition.

Answer 29

produces

Question 30

If we speak of a “gene for alcoholism”, we should not imagine that the gene it self ____ alcoholism. Rather, it produces a protein that under certain circumstances increases the probability of alcoholism.

Answer 30

causes

Question 31

Genes influence behaviour in ____ ways. We should not be amazed by reports that nearly every human behaviour has some heritability.

Answer 31

roundabout

Question 32

____ is a change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population.

Answer 32

Evolution

Question 33

____ psychology concerns how behaviours evolved.

Answer 33

Evolutionary

Question 34

The emphasis in evolutionary psychology is on ____ and ____ explanations – that is, the presumed genes of our ancestors and why natural selection might have favoured genes that promote certain behaviours.

Answer 34

evolutionary and functional

Question 35

The assumption of evolutionary psychology is that any behavioural characteristic of a species arose through ____ selection and presumably provided some advantage.

Answer 35

natural

Question 36

An action that benefits someone other than the actor.

Answer 36

Altruistic behaviour

Question 37

Selection for a gene that benefits the individuals relatives.

Answer 37

Kin selection

Question 38

The idea that individuals help those who will return the favour.

Answer 38

Reciprocal altruism