Glands and Hormones Flashcards
describe the location of the endocrine cells in the brain
hypothalamus is above the pituitary gland, the pineal gland is located above and in between the pons and medulla oblongata.
what interconnects the pituitary and hypothalamus
blood vessels, neuron bodies and the infundibulum
what are the roles of the hypothalamus
thermoregulation
hormone secretion
circadian rhythms
motivation
emotions
what are the hormone secretion roles of the hypothalamus
primary hormones and trophic hormones secretion
what is involved in motivation
thirst
feeding
sexual behaviour
what is monosodium glutamate
neurostimulator that kills a certain portion of hormones from the hypothalamus
become obsese despite eating the same food as another person.
concept of metabolical changes exists so there is metabolically a symbol.
describe urine in diabetes mellitus
sweet, due to sucrose and glucose
describe urine in the other diabetes
no sweet taste
how does the hypothalamus have a role in circadian rhythms
by responding to day and night cycles
what are circadian rhythms
the internal clock that makes us alert or sleepy
describe how the hypothalamus is related to the pituitary
it produces hormone releasing hormones that pass to the anterior pituitary via blood vessels and this triggers the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
what are the blood vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary
hypothalmic pituitary portal vessels
how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus
through axons that are form cells present in the hypothalamus.
describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary
hormones produced in the hypothalamus pass to the posterior pituitary along the nerve axons
released into circulation in the posterior pituitary
label this
label this
what are the hypothalmic hormones
- corticotropin releasing hormone
- gonadotropin releasing hormone
- thyrtropin releasing hormone
- growth hormone releasing hormone
- somastostain (growth hormone inhibiting)
- prolactin releasing hormone
- dopamine
what are trophic hormones
hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones
what are the anterior pituitary hormones
- adrenocorticotropin hormone
- follicle stimulating hormone
- luteinising hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- growth hormone
- prolactin
describe the route of corticotropins
stressors stimulate the hypothalamus to release corticotropin realeasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH to the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
describe the gonadotrophins course
stimulus on the hypothalamus to release gonadotrophin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone/luteinising hormone to go to ovaries and testes
describe the action of the follicle stimulating hormone on the ovaries
ovum maturation and oestrogen production
describe the action of luteinising hormone on the ovaries
ovulation production of oestrogen and progesterone
describe the action of follicle stimulating hormone on the testes
sperm production
describe the action luteinising hormone on testes
testosterone production
describe the course of thryotropins
stimulus on the hypothalamus to release of thyrotropin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland, which releases thyroid stimulating hormone to go to the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
describe the action of the somatotrophins
stimulus to the hypothalamus to release of growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to produce growth hormone
describe the course of action of prolactin
stimulus to the hypothalamus to release prolactin releasing hormone and prolactin inhibiting hormone to produce prolactin
what the action of prolactin
breast development and milk production
what are the posterior pituitary hormones
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
these are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus and pass along the axons to the posterior part of the pituitary
what are the two nuclei in the pituitary gland
paraventricular nucleus (ADH)
supraoptic nucleus (Oxytocin)
describe the course of the antiduiretic hormone
stimulus on the hypothalamus
release of ADH through axonal transport
to the posterior pituitary gland
release of ADH in plasma
to the kidney
water reabsorption in collecting ducts
describe the course of action of oxytocin
stretch of the uterus releases oxytocin from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland leading to oxytocin in the plasma and contraction of the uterus
describe the action of the infant suckling and how it affects hormone release
stimulating oxytocin release along axons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland to produce oxytocin into the plasma and eject milk
what is released from the thyroid gland
thyroid hormones
T3
T4
calcitonin
what produces calcitonin
the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland
what are the actions of thyroid hormone
- increase metabolic rate of all cells
- determine basal metabolic rate
- essential for normal fetal and childhood growth
- permissive effect on the action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors
which thyroid hormone is more potent
T3, although it has a short half life