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Human Systems and Anatomy > Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

describe the location of the endocrine cells in the brain

A

hypothalamus is above the pituitary gland, the pineal gland is located above and in between the pons and medulla oblongata.

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2
Q

what interconnects the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

blood vessels, neuron bodies and the infundibulum

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3
Q

what are the roles of the hypothalamus

A

thermoregulation
hormone secretion
circadian rhythms
motivation
emotions

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4
Q

what are the hormone secretion roles of the hypothalamus

A

primary hormones and trophic hormones secretion

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5
Q

what is involved in motivation

A

thirst
feeding
sexual behaviour

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6
Q

what is monosodium glutamate

A

neurostimulator that kills a certain portion of hormones from the hypothalamus
become obsese despite eating the same food as another person.
concept of metabolical changes exists so there is metabolically a symbol.

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7
Q

describe urine in diabetes mellitus

A

sweet, due to sucrose and glucose

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8
Q

describe urine in the other diabetes

A

no sweet taste

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9
Q

how does the hypothalamus have a role in circadian rhythms

A

by responding to day and night cycles

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10
Q

what are circadian rhythms

A

the internal clock that makes us alert or sleepy

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11
Q

describe how the hypothalamus is related to the pituitary

A

it produces hormone releasing hormones that pass to the anterior pituitary via blood vessels and this triggers the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

what are the blood vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary

A

hypothalmic pituitary portal vessels

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13
Q

how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

through axons that are form cells present in the hypothalamus.

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14
Q

describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary

A

hormones produced in the hypothalamus pass to the posterior pituitary along the nerve axons
released into circulation in the posterior pituitary

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15
Q

label this

A
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16
Q

label this

A
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17
Q

what are the hypothalmic hormones

A
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • thyrtropin releasing hormone
  • growth hormone releasing hormone
  • somastostain (growth hormone inhibiting)
  • prolactin releasing hormone
  • dopamine
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18
Q

what are trophic hormones

A

hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones

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19
Q

what are the anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinising hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
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20
Q

describe the route of corticotropins

A

stressors stimulate the hypothalamus to release corticotropin realeasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH to the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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21
Q

describe the gonadotrophins course

A

stimulus on the hypothalamus to release gonadotrophin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone/luteinising hormone to go to ovaries and testes

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22
Q

describe the action of the follicle stimulating hormone on the ovaries

A

ovum maturation and oestrogen production

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23
Q

describe the action of luteinising hormone on the ovaries

A

ovulation production of oestrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

describe the action of follicle stimulating hormone on the testes

A

sperm production

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25
Q

describe the action luteinising hormone on testes

A

testosterone production

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26
Q

describe the course of thryotropins

A

stimulus on the hypothalamus to release of thyrotropin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland, which releases thyroid stimulating hormone to go to the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

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27
Q

describe the action of the somatotrophins

A

stimulus to the hypothalamus to release of growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to produce growth hormone

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28
Q

describe the course of action of prolactin

A

stimulus to the hypothalamus to release prolactin releasing hormone and prolactin inhibiting hormone to produce prolactin

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29
Q

what the action of prolactin

A

breast development and milk production

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30
Q

what are the posterior pituitary hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
these are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus and pass along the axons to the posterior part of the pituitary

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31
Q

what are the two nuclei in the pituitary gland

A

paraventricular nucleus (ADH)
supraoptic nucleus (Oxytocin)

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32
Q

describe the course of the antiduiretic hormone

A

stimulus on the hypothalamus
release of ADH through axonal transport
to the posterior pituitary gland
release of ADH in plasma
to the kidney
water reabsorption in collecting ducts

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33
Q

describe the course of action of oxytocin

A

stretch of the uterus releases oxytocin from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland leading to oxytocin in the plasma and contraction of the uterus

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34
Q

describe the action of the infant suckling and how it affects hormone release

A

stimulating oxytocin release along axons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland to produce oxytocin into the plasma and eject milk

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34
Q

what is released from the thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormones
T3
T4
calcitonin

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35
Q

what produces calcitonin

A

the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland

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36
Q

what are the actions of thyroid hormone

A
  • increase metabolic rate of all cells
  • determine basal metabolic rate
  • essential for normal fetal and childhood growth
  • permissive effect on the action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors
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37
Q

which thyroid hormone is more potent

A

T3, although it has a short half life

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38
Q

what is used if there is not enough thyroid hormone production

A

thyroxine medication

39
Q

describe undersecretion of the thyroid gland

A

leads to cretinism and myxoedema

40
Q

what does oversecretion of the thyroid gland lead to

A

graves disease

41
Q

what is simple goitre

A

thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency
low levels of thyroxine result in increased secretion of TSH
iodide added to salt

42
Q

how much of pancreatic tissue are taken up by islets of langerhans

A

1-2%

43
Q

what surrounds the islets of langerhans

A

exocrine tissue

44
Q

label this

A
45
Q

what is this

A

an islet of langehans stained with immunocytochemistry
glucagon is green
somatostatin is red

46
Q

how does immunocytochemistry work

A

stains make the tissue produce light

47
Q

what is insulin released in response to

A

raised blood glucose and amino acids
glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
vagus nerve

48
Q

what does the insulin hormone act overall to do

A

lower blood glucose

49
Q

how does insulin lower blood glucose

A

it facilitates its entry into:
- muscle cells
- adipocytes
glucose is taken in by the liver but not with the aid of insulin

50
Q

what does insulin promote the formation of

A

glycogen
triglycerides
facilitate protein synthesis

51
Q

what promotes release of insulin

A

increased blood glucose
increased blood amino acids
GIP
vagus nerve activity

52
Q

what is GIP

A

glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide which is also known as the gastric inhibitory peptide

53
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion

A

adrenaline
sympathetic nerves
somatostatin

54
Q

what happens to insulin production when people are anxious

A

it decreases

55
Q

what is glucagon released in response to

A

low blood glucose concentration

56
Q

what does glucagon act to do

A

raise blood glucose levels

57
Q

what are the actions of glucagon

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis and ketone synthesis

58
Q

where does glycogenolysis occur

A

liver

59
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

this is the break down of glycogen to produce glucose

60
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

this is when the liver produces glucose through the use of amino acids and fatty acids

61
Q

what promotes the secretion of glucagon

A

decreased blood glucose
increased blood amino acids
cholescystokinin
autonomic nerve activity

62
Q

what inhibits the secretion of glucagon

A

insulin and somatostatin

63
Q

why are insulin glucagon and somatostatin all released in the same area

A

because they all work together to control blood glucose levels

64
Q

describe diabetes mellitus

A

elevated blood glucose concentration, due to a decreased glucose uptake by cells.

65
Q

what are the metabolic changes associated with diabetes mellitus

A

gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

66
Q

what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus

A
  • polyuria
  • poydipsia
  • glycosuria
  • diabetic neuropathy
  • skin and oral diseases
67
Q

what is polyuria

A

increased urine production

68
Q

what is polydipsia

A

increased fluid intake due to an increase in thirst

69
Q

what is glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine

70
Q

describe type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependent patients due to a decrease in insulin secretion from destruction of beta cells.
10% of cases, usual early onset
insulin injections and diet are the key treatment features

71
Q

describe type 2 diabetes

A

insulin levels in the patients are norma, but the target cell no longer responds to it. related to obesity, usually has a late onset in life.
treated through control of diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents

72
Q

what makes periodontitis different to gingivitis

A

loss of attachment
no bleeding
need an autoimmune component to have periodontal disease
greater risk of diabetes, can make diabetes worse and vice versa

73
Q

why are adrenal glands described as supra renal

A

they lie on top of the kidneys

74
Q

what are the hormones produced from the adrenal cortex

A

corticosteroids, such as
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- androgens

75
Q

what are the hormones produced from the adrenal medulla

A

adrenaline and noradreanline, catelochomine hormones

76
Q

what is the production of corticoids associated with

A

cholesterol chain reaction

77
Q

describe cortisol

A

a glucocorticoid hormone that is produced by cells of the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex
controlled by ACTH

78
Q

what controls the secretion of cortisol

A

ACTH

79
Q

what are the actions of cortisol

A

metabolic
permissive
anti inflammatory
immnuosuppressant

80
Q

describe aldosterone

A

a mineralcorticoid hormone that is produced by the cells of the zona glomerulosa
controlled by RAAS

81
Q

describe the actions of aldosterone

A

promotes reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney
increases excretion of hydrogen and potassium

82
Q

what is the RAAS system

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

83
Q

describe the series of events in the RAAS

A
  • stimulus
  • renin production from kidney
  • angiotensinogen in the blood is converted by renin
  • to become angiotensin 1
  • ACE converts it to angiotensin 2
  • travels to adrenal cortex
  • increase aldosterone release
  • increase sodium reabsorption in cortical collecting ducts
84
Q

what is ACE

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

85
Q

what are ACE inhibitors used to treat

A

hypertension

86
Q

describe androgens

A

gonadocorticoid hormone produced from the zona fasiculata and reticularis of the adrenal cortex

87
Q

what are the main hormones of the gonadocorticoid

A

androgens

88
Q

what do androgens do

A

contribute to growth, which contribute to growth and sexual characteristics in boys and girls
cause pubertal growth spurt

89
Q

what does an excess of glucocorticoids lead to

A

cushings syndrome

90
Q

what are the symptoms of cushings disease

A

fat pads
moon face
pendulous abdomen
red cheeks
striae
bruisability
thin skin
poor muscle development
poor wound healing

91
Q

what does an excess in the production of androgens lead to

A

andreno genital syndrome

92
Q

what are the symptoms of andreno genital syndrome

A

baidness
receding hairline
adrenogenic flush
small breasts
heavy arms and legs
enlarged clitoris

93
Q

describe the adrenal medulla

A

a modified sympathetic ganglion controlled by pre ganglionic sympathetic nerves
cells mostly produce adrenaline which augments the action of the sympathetic nervous system

94
Q

what does addrenal insufficiency lead to

A

addisons disease
decreased adrenal function and reduced level of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
very serious condition

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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