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Human Systems and Anatomy > Pharynx and Oesophagus > Flashcards

Pharynx and Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there

A

seven

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2
Q

what are the viscera

A

internal organs

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3
Q

where is the pharynx located

A

at the base of the skull just below the sphenoid air sinus, and stretches from here to C6

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4
Q

what are the cervical vertebrae

A

the bones of the neck

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5
Q

what are the functions of the oropharynx

A

conduct air
muscles to direct food to the oesophagus for digestion and passage toward the stomach

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6
Q

what is the sphenoid air sinus

A

one of the paranasal sinuses which help to lighten the skull, add vocal resonance and pneumatise the head

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7
Q

what are the three parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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8
Q

where is the nasopharynx

A

sits behind the nose

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9
Q

where is the oropharynx

A

sits behind the oral cavity

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10
Q

where is the laryngopharynx

A

the last part of the pharynx before the oesophagus or larynx

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11
Q

what is the pharynx

A

a muscular tube that stretches from the base of the skull to the oesophagus

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12
Q

where does the nasolarimal duct open

A

into the lower aspect of the nose, specifically under the inferior nasal concha

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13
Q

what is the function of the nasopharynx

A

respiratory function; it is the opening of the auditory tube.

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14
Q

what are adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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15
Q

what is the nasolacrimal duct

A

the tear duct that carries tears away from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity

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16
Q

where is the lacrimal sac located

A

it sits laterally at the orbit

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17
Q

when is there potential communication between the oral cavity and the nose

A

if there is irregular movement of the uvula or soft palate

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18
Q

where are tubal tonsils located

A

around the eustachian tube or auditory tube

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19
Q

what are tubal tonsils responsible for

A

equalising air pressure between the middle ear and the external via the throat or pharynx

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20
Q

what are tonsils

A

a collection of lymphoid tissue and chronic inflammatory cells

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21
Q

which tonsils are removed due to tonsilitis

A

adenoids, and possibly palatine tonsils

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22
Q

what are the functions of the oropharynx

A

respiratory and digestive

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23
Q

how does the soft palate aid the oropharynx

A

provides a potential way for food and fluid to pass into the nasal cavity from the oral cavity if the uvula does not function properly

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24
Q

why are some people able to “cry” milk

A

they can force the milk through their mouth and bypass the soft palates uvula

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25
Q

what is waldeyer’s ring

A

a collection of four types of tonsils

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26
Q

what are the four types of tonsils

A
  • pharyngeal tonsils
  • tubal tonsils
  • palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
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27
Q

which tonsils are found in the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal and tubal

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28
Q

which tonsils are foud in the oropharynx

A

the palatine tonsils

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29
Q

which tonsils are found in the posterior one third of the tongue

A

lingual tonsils

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30
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage which functions to help close off the trachea partly when swallowing

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31
Q

where is the epiglottis located

A

the superior laryngopharynx

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32
Q

what is cricoid cartilage

A

one of the laryngeal cartilages. only one of the cartilages of the larynx that forms a complete ring all the way round this area

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33
Q

what forms a complete ring around the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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34
Q

what is the piriform fossa

A

an area where things like fish bones can become trapped. lies on either side of the laryngeal opening or orifice. if something is stuck there it can give the feeling of something being stuck in the throat

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35
Q

what is the piriform

A

area involved in speech. piriform means pair shaped

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36
Q

what is continuous with the oesophagus

A

the laryngopharynx

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37
Q

what are the two groups of the pharyngeal constricers

A

longitudinal and circular

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38
Q

what are the three pharyngeal constrictors

A

superior, middle and inferior.

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39
Q

how do the pharyngeal constrictors constrict

A

sequentially from superior to inferior

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40
Q

which bone is between the middle and inferior constrictors

A

hyoid bone

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40
Q

where is the superior constrictor found

A

at the base of the skull and mylohyoid

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41
Q

which constrictor forms the floor of the mouth

A

superior

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42
Q

where does the superior constrictor run to

A

the mylohyoid

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43
Q

where does the middle constrictor run to

A

hyoid bone

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44
Q

what is the hyoid bone

A

the only bone of the body to not be attached to any other bones. can also be fractured during manual strangulation - an applicated in forensic medicine

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45
Q

where does the inferior constrictor run to

A

the largest of all laryngeal cartilages (thyroid cartilage)

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46
Q

where is the adams apple

A

within the thyroid cartilage. elongates during puberty - vocal folds are attached here

47
Q

where do the pharyngeael constrictors join

A

at the back or posterior aspect of the pharynx at the median raphe

48
Q

which cranial nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictors

A

vagus nerve

49
Q

where is the olfactory nerve found

A

the nose - for smell

50
Q

what is the function of optic nerve

A

vision

51
Q

function of the oculomotor nerve

A

supplies all extra ocular muscles apart from those supplied by trochlear and abducens nerve

52
Q

function of trochlear nerve

A

the superior oblique - muscle that moves eyes down and out

53
Q

function of trigeminal nerve

A

sensory to the face and has three branches - motor innervation to the muscles of mastication

54
Q

function of abducens

A

supplies the lateral rectus

55
Q

function of facial nerve

A

supply the muscles of facial expression

56
Q

function of vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and balance

57
Q

function of glosspharyngeal nerve

A

supplies the pharyngeal muscles. supplies taste and general sensation to the back one third of the tongue

58
Q

function of the vagus nerve

A

has parasympathetic fibres, slows heart rate and breathing. increases gut motility - rest and digest nerve

59
Q

function of spinal accessory nerve

A

supplies two muscles. the sternocliedomastoid which moves the neck and trapezius, which helps raise the shoulders

60
Q

function of hypoglossal

A

innervate the muscles of the tongue

61
Q

what do motor nerves supply

A

muscle

62
Q

what do sensory nerves supply

A

sensation

63
Q

what does the carotid artety do

A

supply the brain with blood internally, as well as externally supply the face and neck

64
Q

what does the jugular do

A

a vein - carries blood back

65
Q

what is the pharyngeal plexus

A

the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

66
Q

how do you test the function of the pharyngeal plexus

A

asking the patient to say ahh - the uvual should raise in the midline only. deviation indicates lesions of one or both of the nerves

67
Q

what is the auditory tube

A

related to the ascending infection causing middle ear infection. the tube is shorter in children

68
Q

what is tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils

69
Q

which tonsils are most commonly affecte by tonsillitis

A

palatine and tubal tonsils

70
Q

why is a tonsilectomy dangerous

A

the external palatine vein, tonsillar artery and internal carotid artery are responsible for 80% of brain blood supply. if cut off, there is a big issue

71
Q

what is ectomy

A

the cutting of a structure and surgical removal of it

72
Q

approx how long is the esophagus

A

20-25 cm

73
Q

what is the oesophagus

A

muscular tube from the pharynx to the stomach

74
Q

where does the esophagus lie

A

the neck, thorax and abdomen

75
Q

what is the esophagus posterior to

A

the trachea and the heart

76
Q

what must the esophagus pass through

A

the diaphragm

77
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle responsible for breathing that moves downward on inhale

78
Q

what is the esophagus surrounded by

A

muscular rings

79
Q

what are oesophageal sphincters

A

muscular rings that surround the esophagus at the top and bottom ends

79
Q

what are the two oesphageal sphincters

A

upper and lower oesophageal sphincters

80
Q

do sphincters remain open all the time

A

no - they shut when food is not being swallowed

81
Q

describe the upper oesphageal sphincter

A

an anatomical sphincter comprised of the lower fibres of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. it is comprised of skeletal muscle, and is not under voluntary control. it is influenced under the swallowing reflex

82
Q

describe the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

a gastro oesphageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter found between the oesophagus and the stomach. physiological, or functional. due to the angle that it enters into the stomach, its sphincter like function is aided.

83
Q

what causes gastro oesophageal reflux disease

A

dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter

84
Q

how does the type of muscle change as you go down the oesophagus

A

top third has skeletal
middle is both
lower is smooth muscle

85
Q

explain the epithelium of the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium. there are submucosal glands to secrete mucous within the cell too

86
Q

what is the epithelium of the muscle layers

A

muscularis mucosae - the inner is circular and the outer is longitudinal

87
Q

what is the submucosa

A

the dense irregular connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

88
Q

which sphincter acts as a physiological sphincter

A

the lower oesophageal sphincter

89
Q

what is metaplasia

A

change in epithelium from one type to another which is not typical of that site

90
Q

what is dysplasia

A

abnormal growth or development of cells and organs

91
Q

what can gastro oesophageal reflux disease lead to

A

metaplasia

92
Q

how does GORD lead to metaplasia

A

in the oesophagus, if the acid comes back up from the stomach then there is a change in the epithelium from the usual stratified squamous to that of the stomach. this would mean it would change to simple columnar, and there would be metaplasia

93
Q

what are the roles of swallowing

A

taking food to the stomach and preventing food from entering the airway

94
Q

what does swallowing do

A

move food posteriorly

95
Q

where does liquid remain in the mouth

A

in front of the pillars

96
Q

how does the tongue ensure food is swallowed

A

it passes upward to squash the food toward the pharynx, and the uvual moves up to preven the food going up into the nasal cavity

97
Q

what is misdirection of food prevented by

A

tongue blocking th eoral cavity, the soft palate blocking the nasal cavity, and the epiglottis blocking the larynx

98
Q

where do the vocal folds move when food is swallowed

A

forward in order to make more room for the food

99
Q

how does food pass down the throat

A

upper esophageal sphincter constricts and the food passes downward. peristalsis drives the food down the oesophagus. the oesophagus then constricts above the food and dilates to shorten below it

100
Q

how does food get into the stomach from the esophagus

A

the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to admit the food to the stomach

101
Q

what is dysphagia

A

difficult swallowing, can be caused by neuromuscular diseases or by obstructions, like strictures, spasms, tumours or developmental abnormalities.

102
Q

how long does it take for patients to notive the obstruction from a tumour in their oesophagus

A

takes until the tumour has led to a 30%-50% reduction in oesophagus diameter

103
Q

what methods can be used to identify the causes of dysphagia

A

biopsies or endoscopies

104
Q

what is tracheooesophageal fistula

A

a developmental abnormality in which the oesophagus is not completely attached to itelf. there are three types. type A is when it ends and the other part of the oesophagus has attached itself to the trachea. type B is when it just isnt attached and there is a gap, and the final one is where a part of the oesphoagus is fused onto the trachea.

105
Q

what is a fistula

A

an abnormal connection between 2 epithelial lined hollow organs or spaces like in blood vessels, organs and intestines.

106
Q

what is the risk with the type C of tracheooesophageal fistula

A

fluid passing into the oesophagus can go straight into the trachea, leading to choking and coughing when feeding. symptoms are a swollen abdonmen, cyanosis when feeding and frothy bubbles in the mouth

107
Q

what is the lateral rectus

A

one of the eye muscles

108
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage

A

large prominent structure easily seen in adult males composed of two sheets which join to form the adams apple

109
Q

what is the anatomical name for the adams apple

A

laryngeal prominence

110
Q

what are laminae

A

sheets

111
Q

what is cricoid cartilage

A

a complete ring of hyaline cartilage that completely circles the airway to mark the inferior border of the larynx.

112
Q

what is the only complete circle of cartilage in the larynx or trachea

A

the cricoid cartilage

113
Q

what kind of cartilage is the epiglottis

A

elastic

114
Q
A

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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