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Human Systems and Anatomy > The Neck > Flashcards

The Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what is the neck

A

the junction between the head and the thorax

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2
Q

what is the superior limit of the neck

A

the mandible and the base of the skull

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3
Q

what is the inferior limit of the neck

A

thoracic inlet

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4
Q

what is the thoracic inlet

A

the superior thoracic aperture.
lies through the first rib, and is higher posteriorly than anteriorly.
major nerves and blood vessels pass through this point

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5
Q

what divides the neck into anterior and posterior portions

A

the sternocleidomastoid muscle

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6
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid

A

the mastoid process

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7
Q

what is the distal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid

A

sternum and clavicle

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8
Q

describe the mastoid process

A

air cells are present here
process is absent at birth and grows at around age 1, and continues to grow until the first permanent teeth appear at 6 years old

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9
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle

A

sternocleidomastoid
midline
lower border of the mandible

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10
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle

A

sternocleidomastid
trapezius muscle
middle third of the clavicle

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11
Q

what are the components of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

muscle
skeletal elements and viscera
glands
nerves
vessels

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12
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
infrahyoid

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13
Q

what are the strap muscles

A

the infrahyoid muscles

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14
Q

what are the infrahyoid muscles

A

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid

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15
Q

what is the mylohyoid

A

forms the floor of the mouth like a hammock
arises from the mandible and attaches onto the hyoid bone
raises the hyoid bone and the floor of the mouth

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16
Q

describe the anterior belly of digastric muscle

A

one of two muscles
arises from the mandible and passes to the mastoid process
pulls down the mandible and raises the hyoid bone

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17
Q

describe the strap muscles

A

named after where they attach
depress the hyoid bone and the larynx, or pull it down during swallowing and speaking

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18
Q

what is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages

A

the thyroid cartilage

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19
Q

what are the skeletal elements of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
hyoid bone
trachea

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20
Q
A

1 = Hyoid bone
2 = Thyroid cartilage
3 = Cricoid cartilage
C = First tracheal ring (of cartilage)
B = Thyroid gland, right lobe

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21
Q

what are the three single laryngeal cartilages

A

thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis

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22
Q

what are the three paired laryngeal cartilages

A

arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

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23
Q

what are the glands found in the anterior triangle of the neck

A

thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
submandibular gland

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24
Q

what encloses the thyroid gland

A

pre tracheal fascia

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25
Q

what supplies the thyroid gland

A

superior external carotid artery and inferior thyroid arteries

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26
Q

what anchors the thyroid in place

A

pre tracheal fascia

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27
Q

what is the clinical test for the thyroid gland

A

ask the patient to swallow, and when lightly pressing on the neck from behind the patient, this will allow it to be seen if it is enlarged or not

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28
Q

label this

A

1 = Internal jugular vein
2 = Common carotid artery
3 = Thyroid cartilage
4 = Thyroid gland, left lobe
5 = Levator glandulae thyroidae
6 = Hyoid bone

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29
Q

where is the thyroid gland in regards to the vertebrae

A

anterior neck between C5 and T1

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30
Q

what does the thyroid gland secrete

A

T3 and T4

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31
Q

what is the function of thyroid hormones

A

raise the basal metabolic rate
influence the synthesis of proteins
nerve growth and development
essential for the development of cells in the body

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32
Q

what is the isthmus

A

narrow piece of tissue between two larger parts of a structure. links the two lobes of the thyroid gland

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33
Q

what links the left and right lobe of the thyroid gland

A

the isthmus

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34
Q

what is the pyramidal lobe

A

embryological remnant of where the thyroid gland development from in the floor of the mouth at the foramen caecum of the tongue
descends into the final position at the root of the neck

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35
Q

what is the levator glandulae thyroidae

A

fibrous remnant left of the pyramidal lobe

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36
Q

how common is it to have more than four parathyroid glands

A

only 5% of the population

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37
Q

which parathyroid glands are more constant in their position

A

superior parathyroid glands

38
Q

what do parathyroid glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone to raise the level of blood calcium

39
Q

where is the parathyroid hormone located

A

posterior surface of the thyroid gland
flat and oval in shape

40
Q

where are the superior parathyroid glands found

A

roughly in the middle of the posteior border of the thyroid lobes

41
Q

where are the inferior parathyroid glands found

A

inferior poles of the thyroid gland

42
Q

how does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium

A

increase absorption from the gut
increase absorption from the kidney
increase osteoclast activity to break down bone and release calcium

43
Q

describe the nerve innervation of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

vagus
phrenic
hypoglossal

44
Q

describe the motor function of the vagus nerve

A

innervate the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate

45
Q

describe the parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve

A

smooth muscle of the trachea
bronchi to slow breathing
slow heart rate
increase gut motility

46
Q

describe the special sensory function of the vagus nerve

A

innervation for taste sensation in the epiglottis and root of the tongue

47
Q

describe the general sensory function of the vagus nerve

A

internal aspect of the larynx and the ear canal
also provides visceral sensory innervation to the heart and abdominal structures

48
Q

describe the sensory innervation of the phrenic nerve

A

to the diaphragm, specifically the central tendon and the pericardium, which anchors the heart to the diaphragm

49
Q

what are the vessels of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

common carotid
jugular vein

50
Q

what does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply

A

the pharynx

51
Q

what does the superior thyroid artery supply

A

the thyroid gland, alongside the interior thyroid artery

52
Q

what does the lingual artery supply

A

tongue
sublingual salivary gland
gingiva
oral mucosa of the floor of the mouth

53
Q

what does the occipital artery supply

A

muscles of the posterior neck and skull

54
Q

what does the posterior auricular artery supply

A

neck muscles
ear structures

55
Q

what ear structures are supplied by the posterior auricular artery

A

external auditory meatus
tympanic cavity
tympanic membrane
semi circular canals

56
Q

what does the superficial temporal artery supply

A

skin and muscles of the side of the face and scalp
parotid gland
temperomandibular joint

57
Q

what can the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck be divided into

A

nerves
muscles
vessels
lymph nodes

58
Q

what are the nerves in the posterior triangle of the neck

A

accessory nerve
parts of the brachial plexus
cutaneous cervical nerves

59
Q

what is the function of the accessory nerve

A

motor supply to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

60
Q

describe the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

lateral flexion of the neck when acting on its own
flexion of the neck when acting on both sides

61
Q

describe the action of the trapezius

A

upper fibres elevate the scapula and rotate during abduction of the arm
middle fibres pull back the scapula for retraction
lower fibres go inferiorly

62
Q

describe the location of the trapezius muscle

A

base of the skull
C7-T12 vertebrae spinous process to the lateral third of the clavicle and scapula

63
Q

what does the brachial plexus do

A

motor and sensory innervation to the upper limbs

64
Q

describe lymph nodes

A

small oval structures
filter lymph
offer defence against the spread of infection
returned to larger veins
many sites of lymph nodes

65
Q

describe the function of the superficial lymph nodes

A

drain the face, neck and scalp
pass to the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of the head and neck

66
Q

describe the deep lymph nodes

A

deep cervical lymph nodes. left jugular lymphatic trunk passes to the thoracic duct

67
Q

what does the right jugular lymphatic trunk pass to

A

the right subclavian vein

68
Q

label each of these pictures with the condition they are showing

A

1 = Cyst
2 = Cancer in lymph node
3 = Goitre
4 = Neck abscess
5 = Dental abscess
6 = Oedema and oxygen supplementation.

69
Q

what are the nerve roots of the brachial plexus

A

ventral rami of C5-T1

70
Q

what is the purpose of the brachial plexus

A

sensory and motor innervation to the upper limb

71
Q

what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus

A

musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar and radial nerves

72
Q

when may the brachial plexus be commonly injured

A

upper roots can be damaged during childbirth while the lower ones can be torn during overstretching ofhte upper limb like from falling from a tree and grabbing onto a branch

73
Q

what is the nerve supply to the sternocleidomastoid

A

accessory nerve

74
Q

what does the sternocleidomastoid do on its own

A

rotation of the head to the opposite side and superior rotation of the neck

75
Q

what does joint contraction of the left and right sternocleidomastoid do

A

flexion of the neck

76
Q

what is torticollis

A

excess contraction or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid

77
Q

why is the phrenic nerve no longer sectioned up for TB

A

paralysis of the diaphragm resulted in excess secretions in the lung due to poor respiration resulting in pneumonia

78
Q

what are the two major branches of the common carotid artery

A

external and internal carotid artery

79
Q

at what cervical level does the common carotid artery bifurcate

A

C4/5

80
Q

why does stenosis occur at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

A

excess turbulence occurs here due to the change in the direction of blood hitting against the superior aspect of the split damaging the intimal lining

81
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve supply

A

genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus

82
Q

when may the hypoglossal nerve be partially sectioned to reinnervate another nerve close by

A

facial paralysis less than one year old that is not resolving

83
Q

why are the thyroid gland secretions essential to normal development

A

normal neural and growth development

84
Q

what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

85
Q

what comprises the strap muscles

A

sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid

86
Q

what is the function of the strap muscles

A

depression of the hyoid bone during swallowing

87
Q

what is the function of the digastric muscle

A

open the jaw

88
Q

where does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity

A

opposite the lingual frenulum

89
Q

what does the vagus nerve supply

A

pharyngeal musculature and parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, gi tract

90
Q

what are the main branches of the vagus nerve

A

superior laryngeal and the recurrent laryngeal nerves

91
Q

what are the nerve fibre types in the vagus nerve

A

motor and parasympathetic

92
Q

label these muscles of the neck

A

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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