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Human Systems and Anatomy > vitamin essentials > Flashcards

vitamin essentials Flashcards

1
Q

vitamins essential for bone health

A

D
K
A

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2
Q

vitamin D summary

A
  • mineralises bone by raising blood calcium and phosphorus
  • found in fortified milk, butter, juice, liver, synthesised in the body with the help of sunlight

deficiency in children
- rickets - inadequate calcification, enlargement of the long ends of bones, delayed fontanelle closing

deficiency in adults
- osteomalacia and osteoporosis
- loss of calcium resulting in soft, flexible and brittle bones

toxicity
- elevated blood calcium and calcification of soft tissues
- damages kidneys, lungs, heart and joint tissues `

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3
Q

summarise vitamin K

A

synthesises proteins for bone mineralisation and blood clotting

found in green, leafy vegetables, milk, liver
synthesised in the digestive tract

deficiency
- poor skeletal mineralisation
- haemorrhage

toxicity
- interference with anticlotting medication

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4
Q

summarise vitamin A

A

the precursor is beta carotene

functions in bone and tooth growth, vision, epithelial health, regulation of gene expression

vitamin A is found in milk, cheese, eggs, liver

beta carotene is found in spinach, broccoli, and other dark leafy greens

deficiency
- impaired bone growth
- easily decayed teeth
- night blindness
- corneal drying
- keratin lumps on the skin
- impaired immunity

toxicity of vitA
- increased activity of bone dismantling cells
- liver abnormalities
- birth defects

toxicity of beta carotene
- harmless yellowing of the skin

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5
Q

minerals essential for bone health

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
fluoride

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6
Q

summarise calcium

A

major mineral involved in bones and teeth
muscle contraction, nerve function, blood clotting, immune defences

found in milk, small fish, calcium set tofu

deficiency in children
- stunted growth

deficiency in adults
- bone loss
- osteoporosis

toxicity
- constipation, urinary tract stone formation
- kidney dysfunction
- interferes with the absorption of other minerals

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7
Q

summarise phosphorus

A

mineralisation of bones and teeth
part of phospholipids
important in genetic materials
energy metabolism

found in animal sources

deficiency
- muscular weakness and bone pain

toxicity
- calcification of softy tissues
- particularly in the kidneys

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8
Q

summarise magnesium

A

bone mineralisation
protein synthesis
enzyme action
muscle contraction
nerve impulse transmission

found in nuts and legumes, dark green vegetables

deficiency effect
- confusion, weakness
- extreme deficiency can lead to convulsions and hallucinations

toxicity
- from nonfood sources only
- diarrhoea
- pH imbalance
- dehydration

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9
Q

summarise fluoride

A

helps form bones and teeth
makes teeth decay resistant

drink water if fluoride containing or fluoridated

deficiency
- susceptibility to tooth decay

toxicity
- fluorosis - pitting and discolouration of the teeth

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10
Q

what are the vitamins essential for blood health

A

B12
folate
vitamin b6
vitamin K

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11
Q

summarise B12

A

part of the coenzymes for new cell synthesis including blood cells

found in animal products and eggs

deficiency
- anaemia large cell type
- smooth tongue
- tingling or numbness
- memory loss

toxicity
- none reported

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12
Q

summarise folate

A

part of coenzymes used in dna synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation including blood cells

food source is leafy green vegetables, seeds and liver

deficiency
- anaemia
- smooth red tongue
- increased risk of neural tube birth defects
- headache

toxicity
- masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

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13
Q

summarise vitamin B6

A

helps make haemoglobin for red blood cells
part of coenzymes used in amino acids and fatty acid metabolism

found in meat fish and poultry, fortified cereals

deficiency
- anaemia
- depression
- convulsions
- scaly dermatitis

toxicity
- depression
- fatigue
- headache
- nerve damage
- muscle weakness

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14
Q

what are the minerals vital for blood health

A

iron
zinc
copper

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15
Q

summarise iron

A

trace mineral
carries oxygen as a part of haemoglobin in blood or myoglobin in muscles
cellular energy metabolism

found in red meat, fish, shellfish, legumes

deficiency
- anaemia, weakness, fatigue, headaches
- pale skin
- nail neds
- palm creases
- concave nails
- inability to regulate body temperature

toxicity
- gastrointestinal stress, with chronic iron overload
- skin pigmentation and organ damage

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16
Q

summarise zinc

A

trace mineral

activates many enzymes and is associated with the hormone insulin
involved in making genetic material and proteins
transport of vitamin A
wound healing and taste perception
normal fetal development

found in protein containing food, red meats and shellfish

deficiency
- impaired immune function
- growth retardation
- delayed sexual maturation
- hair loss
- eye and skin lesions
- loss of appetite

toxicity
- loss of appetite
- impaired immunity
- iron and copper deficiencies

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17
Q

summarise copper

A

trace mineral involved in absorption and use of iron in the formation of haemoglobin
part of several enzymes

found in seafood, nuts and legumes

deficiency
- anaemia
- bone abnormalities

toxicity
- liver damage

18
Q

vitamins with an anti oxidant effect

A

E
C
beta carotene

19
Q

summarise vitamin E

A

antioxidant involved in quenching free radicals
stabilisation of cell membranes
regulation of antioxidant reactions
protections of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A

found in polyunsaturated plant oils like in salad dressings, green leafy vegetables, wheat germ, egg yolks

deficiency leads to
- red blood cell breakage
- anaemia
- nerve damage

toxicity
- augments effects of anticlotting medication

20
Q

summarise vitamin C

A

antioxidant, collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth)

restores vitamin E to active form, thyroxine synthesis, amino acid metabolism
strengthens resistance to infection and helps with iron absorption

found in citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables, dark green vegetables, strawberries

deficiency
- scurvy
- anaemia
- pinpoint haemorrhages
- loosened teeth and bleeding gums
- poor wound healing
- muscle degeneration

toxicity
- nausea
- abdominal cramps
- hot flashes
- aggravation of gout symptoms
- kidney stones

21
Q

summarise beta carotene

A

antioxidant and vitamin A precursor

food sources
- spinach
- broccoli
- dark green leafy vegetables

deficiency
- not known

toxicity
- harmless yellowing of the skin

22
Q

minerals with antioxidant effect

A

selenium

23
Q

summarise selenium

A

trace mineral that assists a group of enzymes to defend against oxidation
regulates thyroid hormone

found in seafood, whole grains, fruit and vegetables

deficiency
- predisposition to heart disease, characterised by fibrous cardiac tissue - keshan disease

toxicity
- loss and brittleness of nails and hair
- skin rash
- fatigue
- nervous system disorders
- garlic breath odour

24
Q

vitamins essential for energy metabolis

A

thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
vitamin B6
folate
vitamin B12
pantothenic acid
biotin

25
Q

summarise thiamin

A

b1

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

found in pork and grains

deficiency
- beriberi (wet with edema and dry with muscle wasting)
- enlarged heart
- apathy
- short term memory

toxicity
- no known

26
Q

summarise riboflavin

A

b2

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

sourced in milk, liver, whole grains and enriched grain products

deficiency
- aribofalvinosis
- cracks and redness at the corners of the mouth
- smooth magenta tongue
- skin lesions covered with greasy scales

toxicity
- no symptoms reported

27
Q

summarise niacin

A

coenzyme used in energy metabolism

milk, eggs, meat, poultry, whole grains

deficiency
- pellagra - diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, depression

toxicity
- hives and rashes
- liver damage `

28
Q

summarise pantothenic acid

A

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

chicken, beef, potatoes, oats

deficiency
- insomnia, cramps, fatigue
- muscle cramps and inability to walk

toxicity
- none reported

29
Q

summarise biotin

A

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism
fat synthesis
amino acid metabolism
glycogen synthesis

found widespread in foods, liver and egg yolks

deficiency
- depression
- lethargy
- hallucinations
- hair loss

toxicity
- no symptoms reported

30
Q

minerals important for energy metabolism

A

iodine
chromium
sulfate
iron
zinc

31
Q

summarise iodine

A

component of two thyroid hormones, regulating growth, development and metabolic rate

found in iodized salt, seafood, bread, plants grown in iodine rich soils

deficiency
- simple goitre (underactive thyroid gland)
- cretinism (mental and physical retardation in infants)

toxicity
- underactive thyroid gland activity
- goitre like thyroid enlargement

32
Q

summarise chromium

A

trace mineral that enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance

meat, whole grains, brewers yeast

defiency
- diabetes like condition
- abnormal glucose metabolism

toxicity
- no symptoms reported

33
Q

summarise sulfate

A

fund in amino acids and the vitamins biotin and thiamin, stabilises protein shape by forming disulfide bridges

found in all protein containing foods

deficiency
- none reported - protein deficiency would occur first

toxicity
- no symptoms reported

34
Q

minerals important for fluid electrolyte balance

A

sodium
potassium
chloride
phosphorus

35
Q

summarise sodium

A

maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

found in table salt, milk and breads

deficiency leads to muscle cramps, mental apathy, appetite loss

toxicity leads to oedema, acute hypertension

36
Q

summarise potassium

A

maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
facilitates reactions like making protein

supports nerve cell integrity, transmissions and muscle contraction

fund in all whole foods like meats, fruits and vegetables

deficiency
- irregular heartbeat
- muscular weakness

toxicity
- muscular weakness
- vomiting

37
Q

summarise chloride

A

maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
part of stomach hydrochloric acid

found in table salt and in moderate amounts in meat

deficiency does not occur in normal circumstances

toxicity
- vomiting

38
Q

link cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis to diet

A

diets high in saturated fats, trans fats and dietary cholesterol correlate with increased levels of LDL cholesterol which promotes the development of CVD

B6, folate, B12, C and E can help reduce CVD

39
Q

link hypertension to diet

A

hypertension increases the risk for heart disease and stroke
to decrease the risk of developing hypertension, lowering salt intake and losing weight can lower BP.

C, sodium, calcium and potassium can aid in lowering BP.

40
Q

which minerals should be consumed to lower diabetes type I symptoms

A

chromium

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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