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Human Systems and Anatomy > Anatomy lab semester 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy lab semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathology that leads to bells palsy

A

idiopathic; generally related to inflammation of the stylomastoid foramen where the facial nerve leaves the skull

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2
Q

describe the nerve supply of the temporalis

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

what clinical condition can affect the integrity of the buccinator muscle and how does this manifest in day to day function

A

stroke - causing patient to be unable to keep food in the centre of the oral cavity, leading to drooling

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4
Q

label this

A
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5
Q

label this

A
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6
Q

how often do patients have an accessory parotid gland

A

20% of patients

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7
Q

what three structures pass through the parotid gland

A

facial nerve
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein

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8
Q

label the coloured vessels

A
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9
Q

label this

A
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10
Q

label the muscles on this specimen

A
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11
Q

what are the two components of the orbicularis oculi

A

palpebral and orbital

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12
Q

describe the nerve supply of the orbicularis oculi

A

temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve

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13
Q

if the nerve supply to the orbicularis oculi was paralysed, what would be the functional consequences for the patient

A

eye would always be open, so they could get corneal drying, irritation, or corneal ulceration in the worst case

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14
Q

label this

A
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15
Q

what are the attachments of the mandible

A

zygomatic arch and the mandible

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16
Q

what are the nerve supplies of the masseter

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

what are the main branches of the facial nerve arising from the anterior border of the parotid gland

A

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical

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18
Q

what does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply

A

frontalis and upper eye muscles

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19
Q

what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supply

A

zygomatic muscles and some of the elevators of the mouth

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20
Q

what does the buccal branch of the facial nerve supply

A

the buccinator

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21
Q

what does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve supply

A

the depressors of the mouth

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22
Q

what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply

A

platysma

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23
Q

what bone in the base of the skull does the facial nerve pass through

A

petrous temporal bone

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24
Q

where does the facial nerve exit the skull from

A

the stylomastoid foramen

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25
Q

what is the treatment for bells palsy

A

acyclovir and prednisolone

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26
Q

label this

A
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27
Q

describe the features of the right lung

A

has three lobes, and oblique and horizontal fissures

28
Q

how far does the lung apex reach into the neck

A

one inch above the medial third of the calvicle

29
Q

what is directly related to the inferior surface of the lung

A

diaphragm

30
Q

why is it important to listen to the back of the lung when doing clinical examinations

A

the inferior lobe is found posteriorly, and this is the lobe that pathologies like pneumonia commonly affect

31
Q

label this

A
32
Q

what is this? label the features

A
33
Q

label this

A
34
Q

what is the purpose of the conchae

A

increase the surface area for air to be moisturised/humidified/warmed

35
Q

what structures drain into the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

36
Q

if the conchae are swollen due to infection, what would be the impact on the patient

A

blocked nose/deviated septum - reduced air flow through the nasal cavity

37
Q

label this

A
38
Q

what is the struture that links the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

A

cricothyroid membrane

39
Q

what is unique about the cricoid cartilage

A

signet ring shaped and only cartilage to form a complete ring

40
Q

where is a cricothryoidotomy carried out

A

inferior to the vocal folds to avoid damage to these areas for speech

41
Q

label this

A
42
Q

what replaces the deficient area in tracheal cartilage rings and where is it

A

trachealis muscle found posteriorly

43
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

44
Q

what is the mucociliary escalator

A

beating of cilia to move mucous superiorly toward the oropharynx for expulsion or to the stomach for destruction by stomach acid

45
Q

label this

A
46
Q

at what level of the neck is the larynx

A

C3-6

47
Q

what is a tracheostomy

A

insertion of a tube into the trachea for ventilation

48
Q

where would a tracheostomy be pkaced

A

2-5th tracheal space

49
Q

why is a tracheostomy performed

A

failed endotracheal intubation, long term mechanical ventilation required

50
Q

what are the complications of a tracheostomy

A

stenosis
failure
infection
slippage out of site

51
Q

what does the hilum connect

A

the lungs with the mediastinum

52
Q

what are the black nodules that can be found at the hilum

A

lymph nodes

53
Q

why are lymph nodes black in appearance

A

carbon deposits in the macrophages

54
Q

what surrounds the lungs

A

pleura

55
Q

label this

A
56
Q

how do you tell the difference between the left and right bronchi

A

the right bronchus is more vertical, has a greater diameter and is shorter

57
Q

what are the divisions after the primary bronchi

A

lobar and segmental bronchi

58
Q

label the sinuses here

A
59
Q

where do the maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity

A

the posterior end of the hiatus semilunaris

60
Q

why is the design of the maxillary sinuses not ideal

A

its opening is high up on the medial wall meaning there is a large space to be filled before drainage

61
Q

what is an oro-antral fistula

A

abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary antrum

62
Q

which teeth are most likelt to cause oro antral fistulas when extracted

A

premolars and molars

63
Q

what cartilage are the vocal folds attached to

A

thyroid cartilage

64
Q

what hormone is the thyroid cartilage under the influence of during adolescence

A

testosterone

65
Q

what is the purpose of the larynx

A

alter pitch and volume of speech

66
Q

what nerves suppy the larynx

A

vagus (recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal)

67
Q

label this from 1-16

A

1 - pulmonary alveoli
2 - duct of bronchial gland
3 - adventitia and submucosa
4 - hyaline cartilage
5 - serous acini
6 - smooth muscle
7 - pulmonary artery
8 - serous acini
9 - bronchial capillaries
10 - mucous acini
11 - bronchial venule
12 - bronchial epithelium
13 - lamina propria
14 - adventitia
15 - pulmonary artery
16 - bronchial artery

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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