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Human Systems and Anatomy > Control of the Alimentary System > Flashcards

Control of the Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

which two factors are involved in the control of the alimentary system

A

nervous control and hormonal control

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2
Q

which nerves are involved in control of the alimentary system

A

nerves from both the somatic and autonomic branches of the nervous system

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3
Q

how can the somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system be further divided

A

sensory and motor

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4
Q

how can the autonomic nervous system be further divided

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

which group of hormones control the alimentary system

A

gastrointestinal tract hormones

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6
Q

what are the gastrointestinal tract hormones

A
  • cholecystokinin
  • gastrin
  • gastric inhibitory peptide
  • secretin
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7
Q

what does secretin do

A

reduces gastric acid secretion and increases bicarbonate from the pancreas

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8
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

fight or flight; increased heart rate and breathing, reduced gut motility

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9
Q

describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

in charge of rest and digest, reducing heart rate and breathing and increasing gut motility

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10
Q

what is cholecystokinin

A

hormone secreted by the duodenum endocrine cells that helps in digestion of fats and protein

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11
Q

what is CCK

A

cholecystokinin

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12
Q

describe gastrin

A

secreted by the G cells of the stomach to stimulate hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells

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13
Q

what is the main role of gastric inhibitory peptide

A

increase insulin secretion

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14
Q

where in the gastrointestinal tract are the hormones most active

A

at the level of the stomach

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15
Q

what does the mouth and pharynx function in

A

secretion of saliva and motility for chewing and swallowing

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16
Q

describe saliva secretory control

A

some cranial nerves

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17
Q

how does saliva function

A

both chemically and mechanically

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18
Q

how does saliva function chemically

A

gustation and olfaction (taste and smell) important to note that smell has a minor effect in human beings

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19
Q

how does saliva function mechanically

A

functions in chewing and loading the periodontal ligaments

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20
Q

do conditioned reflexes have a large role in humans

A

no very minor

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21
Q

which cranial nerve is VII

A

facial nerve

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22
Q

which cranial nerve is IX

A

glossopharhyngeal

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23
Q

which cranial nerve is V

A

trigeminal nerve

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24
Q

give a quick description of Ivan Pavlov’s dogs experiment

A

discovery of classical conditioning whereby the ringing of the bell when presenting the dogs with food stimulated saliva production whenever the bell was rung, even when food was not present

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25
Q

what are the main stimulus that go to the brain to stimulate secretion from the salivary glands

A

visual
olfactory
mechanical
chemical

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26
Q

what is visual stimulus for saliva secretion

A

sight of the food

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27
Q

what is olfactory stimulus for saliva secretion

A

smell of food

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28
Q

what is mechanical stimulus for saliva secretion

A

chewing

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29
Q

what is chemical stimulus for saliva secretion

A

taste which is most potent when there is acid content

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30
Q

describe the process of chewing

A

uses the jaw, facial and tongue muscles
skeletal muscle in type, and is controlled by somatic nerves
voluntary, autonomic control via the central nerves V, VII and XII

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31
Q

describe the process of swallowing

A

uses the jaw, tongue and pharyngeal muscles
skeletal muscle in type and is controlled by somatic nerves
autonomic and reflex control is via the central nerves V, IX, X, XII and swallowing centre

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32
Q

which cranial nerve controls the oesophagus

A

X

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33
Q

which cranial nerve is V

A

trigeminal

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34
Q

which cranial nerve is VII

A

facial muscles

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35
Q

which cranial nerve is XII

A

hypoglossal

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36
Q

which cranial nerve is IX

A

glossopharyngeal

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37
Q

what is secreted in the stomach

A

gastric juice

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38
Q

what is involved in stomach motility

A

filling and relaxation
mixing
propulsive movements (peristalsis)
emptying

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39
Q

what are the phases to gastric activity

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

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40
Q

describe the mechanical stimuli of the cephalic phase of gastric activity

A

the muscles of mastication

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41
Q

describe the chemical stimuli of the cephalic phase of gastric activity

A

taste and smell

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42
Q

describe the pyschic stimuli of the cephalic phase of gastric activity

A

visual and emotional

43
Q

what is involved in head stimuli

A

mechanical, chemical and psychic stimuli

44
Q

describe the mechanical stimuli of the gastric phase

A

distension

45
Q

describe the chemical stimuli of the gastric phase

A

food in the stomach

46
Q

describe the mechanical stimuli of the intestinal phase

A

distension

47
Q

describe the chemical stimuli of the intestinal phase

A

acids and proteins in the duodenum

48
Q

what is the name of the stimuli for the gastric phase

A

intragastric stimuli

49
Q

what is the name of the stimuli for the intestinal phase

A

intestinal stimuli

50
Q

what is the name of the stimuli for the cephalic phase

A

head stimuli

51
Q

what is the cephalic phase controlled by

A

long reflex nerves

52
Q

what is the gastric phase controlled by

A

long and short reflex nerves and gastrin hormones

53
Q

what is the intestinal phase controlled by

A

long and short reflex nerves, gastrointesitnal and secretin hormones and slow gastric emptying

54
Q

what are long reflex nerves

A

these carry to the brain

55
Q

what are short reflex nerves

A

these are local

56
Q

what is GIP

A

gastric inhibitory peptide involved in weak inhibition of stomach acid secretion
stimulates insulin secretion
stops death of pancreatic beta cells
stimulates glucagon and accumulation of fat

57
Q

what are pancreatic beta cells responsible for producing

A

insulin

58
Q

where is secretin produced

A

the duodenum

59
Q

what does secretin reduce the secretions from

A

parietal cells of acid

60
Q

what does secretin increase the production of

A

bicarbonate from the pancreas

61
Q

describe the process of nervous control of the gastrointestinal tract function

A

there is stimulus picked up by the receptors.
the receptors can then either travel to the nerve plexus or go to the cns before going to the nerve plexus.
the plexus goes to the smooth muscle or glands
response is initiated

62
Q

describe the process of hormonal control of the gastrointestinal tract function

A

stimulus
receptors
endocrine cells
circulation
smooth muscle and glands
response

63
Q

what are the secretions of the small intestine

A

intestinal juice

64
Q

describe the motility functions of the small intestine

A

mixing, villus movements, segmentation contractions and peristalsis

65
Q

how is the small intestine mainly controlled

A

local nerves known as short reflexes in response to intra luminal stimuli

66
Q

which muscle type contracts in the small intestine

A

smooth muscle

67
Q

what is found in pancreatic juice

A

bicarbonate

68
Q

what is secretin released as in response to

A

acid

69
Q

what does CCK move

A

the bile sac

70
Q

how does CCK mainly work

A

by promoting the digestion of fat and protein - also an appetite suppressant

71
Q

how does VIP function in the gut

A

breaks down glycogen and relaxes the smooth muscle of the gall bladder and the stomach

72
Q

how is secretion of bile released

A

it is controlled by the vagus nerve which stimulates the relaxation of the sphincter of oddi

73
Q

what is CCK released from the duodenum in response to

A

fat and protein

74
Q

what stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder

A

CCK

75
Q

what are the secretions of the large intestine and rectum

A

mucous and some water and electrolytes

76
Q

what are the motility functions of the large intestine and rectum

A

mixing
mass movements
defaecation

77
Q

what is super peristalsis

A

mass movements

78
Q

what are the mixing and segmentation movements controlled by in the large intestine

A

local reflexes

79
Q

what are long reflexes triggered by

A

food entering the stomach, which increases the motility in intestines

80
Q

what does the gastro ileal reflex allow

A

increase in gastric activity on the ileum

81
Q

what does the gastro colic reflex mean for the colon

A

increased motility on the colon - could be related to mass movements

82
Q

describe the control of the large intestine and rectum

A

mainly neural. controlled by autonomic nervous system

83
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the splenic flexure

A

vagus

84
Q

what supplies the descending colon and rectum

A

the pelvic nerves

85
Q

describe the control of the anal canal

A

autonomic control and voluntary
autonomic controls the internal sphincter
voluntary control of the external sphincter
sacral somatic nerves are also involved

86
Q

describe the control of the internal anal sphincter

A

parasympathetic fibres which relax involuntarily

87
Q

describe the control of the external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle that is controlled by somatic nerve supply from the inferior anal branch of the pudental nerve which allows conscious control of defecation

88
Q

describe the rectosphincteric reflex

A

initiated when the rectum is distended and it relaxes the internal sphincter

89
Q

what is responsible for relaxing the internal sphincter

A

the rectosphincteric reflex

90
Q

what can delay defecation

A

voluntary contraction of the external sphincter

91
Q

what are the series of reflexes that take place to lead to defaecation

A
  • relaxation of the external sphincter
  • contraction of abdominal wall muscles
  • relaxation of pelvic wall muscles
  • peristaltic waves then facilitate the movement of faeces through the anal canal
92
Q

what produces gastrin

A

g cells

93
Q

what is the gastric inhibitory peptide

A

a weak inhibitor

94
Q

where in the alimentary is the somatic nervous system more active

A

at the top and bottom, as you can choose to eat and shit

95
Q

where is the autonomic nervous system more active in the alimentary system

A

the middle

96
Q

where in the alimentary system are hormones most dominant

A

in the area of the stomach and upper part of the small intestine

97
Q

what is motility in the mouth and pharynx

A

the activity of chewing and swallowing

98
Q

what influences production of saliva

A

chemical and mechanical influence

99
Q

which two hormones are involved in gastric activity

A

GIP and secretin

100
Q

what does distension mean

A

swelling

101
Q

what do prestaltic waves facilitate

A

movement of faeces through the anal canal

102
Q

what facilitates the movement of faeces through the anal canal

A

peristaltic waves

103
Q
A

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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